词汇学课件6.ppt

英语词汇学课程课件
语义关系
Chapter 5
Sense Relation
Objectives:
To discuss the main sense relations among words;
To explain semantic field.
Teaching focus:
Polysemy 一词多义关系
Homonymy 同形同音异义关系
Synonyy 同义关系
Antonymy 反义关系
Hyponymy 上下义关系
Semantic Field 语义场
Polysemy一词多义关系
Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time.
它是指一个单独的词同时有两个或更多的意义。
The bulk of English words are polysemantic; one –meaning words are rare and are mainly scientific terms such as hydrogen, molecule, and so on.
1. Two approaches to polysemy
Diachronic approach历时研究方法
It is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same 。
The first meaning is the primary meaning原始意义. Later meanings are called derived meanings派生意义.
Synchronic approach共时研究方法
Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a historical period of time. 从共时的角度看,在同一个历史时期,同一个词可以拥有许多不同的意义。
The basic meaning of a word is called the central meaning 中心意义. The derived meanings are secondary parison.
2. Two processes of development
1) Radiation辐射型
2) Concatenation连锁型
1) Radiation辐射型
Semantically, radiation is the process which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. 从语义学上讲,辐射型是这样一种过程,在此过程中,本义(也称中心意义)处在中心位置,次要意义从此处象光线一样朝各个方向辐射。
All the meanings are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central ,但均可追溯到中心义。
Take head for example:
the head of the school, six pence per head, the head of a page, e to a head, to lose one’s head, six head of cattle
Though these senses have little mon, they all derive from special application of the central idea of head as a part of the body.
2) Concatenation连锁型
Concatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by essive shifts until there is no connection between the sense that is