专四语法(非谓语动词).ppt

非谓语动词
非谓语动词也称动词的非限定形式,它们不可以在句中单独作谓语,也不受主语的人称和数的限制。非谓语动词具有双重性质,既有动词的特点:有时态,语态的变化,能被状语修饰,也有自己的宾语;又有非动词的特点:可以代替名词或形容词。非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词三种。它们可以在句中充当除谓语以外的其他各种成分,即主语、表语、宾语、补语、定语和状语。
1、非谓语动词作主语
(1)不定式和动名词可以在句中充当主语,但分词却不可以。不定式一般表示具体或一次性动作,而动名词则表示一般或抽象的多次动作。
_____ is not a serious disadvantage in life. ( 2001, 51)
A. To be not tall B. Not to be tall
C. Being not tall D. Not being tall
[D]【详解】非谓语动词在句中作了主语。非谓语动词的否定式,要直接在非谓语动词前加not,因此可以直接排除[A]和[C]。动名词和不定式都可以作句子主语,但动名词表示一贯性动作,不定式表示具体的一次性动作。个子不高是一贯的事实,应用动名词形式,所以[D]正确。
(2) 不定式和动名词都可以用it来代替作形式主语,但在含有no,-less等否定词的句子里,常用动名词作主语。如:
It is useless talking with her.
It is no good discussing with her.
(3) 如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词,两者应保持同样的形式,或同为不定式,或同为动名词。如:
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
(4) 不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导:
absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如:
Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.
It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.
2、非谓语动词作宾语
(1)不定式和动名词可以在句中充当宾语,但分词却不可以。
A. 有些动词后只能接动名词,如:abandon, acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, admit, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, justify, mention, mind, pardon, practice, postpone, recall,recollect,risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。如:
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
B. 有些动词后只能接不定式,如: afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, attempt, bother, claim, determine, desire, endeavor, expect, fail, guarantee, intend, long, plan, prepare, pretend, refuse, request, resolve, tend, venture, volunteer, etc.
C. 有些动词后既能接不定式又能接动名词,如:love, like, hate, begin, start, etc. 这时,二者的差别不大,主要在于:不定式一般表示具体或一次性动作,而动名词则表示一般或抽象的多次动作。如:
I like getting up early. 我喜欢早起。(一种生活习惯)
I hate to get up early tomorrow. 我讨厌明天要早起。(一次性的行为)