NPY受体在结状神经节上表达性别差异的研究.docx

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Introduction
The NPY (neuropeptide Y) receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor that plays an important role in regulating various physiological functions, including feeding behavior, energy metabolism, and stress response. The receptor is expressed in different tissues, including the brain, where it is highly expressed in the hypothalamus, the amygdala, and the striatum. Studies have shown that there are sexual dimorphisms in the expression of NPY receptors in the brain. In this paper, we review the existing literature on the expression of NPY receptors in the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system and the sexual dimorphism in their expression.
The Expression of NPY Receptors in Ganglia of the Autonomic Nervous System
The NPY receptor has three subtypes, Y1, Y2, and Y5, and each of them has a different expression pattern in different tissues. In general, Y1 receptor is expressed in the brain, heart, and smooth muscles, Y2 receptor is highly expressed in the brain, adrenal gland, and sympathetic ganglia, and Y5 receptor is expressed in the adrenal gland, colon, and hypothalamus. In the autonomic nervous system, Y2 receptor is the most well-studied subtype, and it is expressed in both the sympathetic ganglia and the parasympathetic ganglia.
Studies have shown that the expression of Y2 receptors in the sympathetic ganglia is higher in males than in females. For example, in the superior cervical ganglion of rats, the expression of Y2 receptor mRNA is higher in males than in females (1). Similarly, in the stellate ganglion of guinea pigs, the expression of Y2 receptor protein is higher in males than in females (2). In contrast, in the parasympathetic ganglia, the expression of Y2 receptors is higher in females than in males. For example, in the ciliary ganglion of rats, the expression of Y2 receptor mRNA is higher in females than in males (3).
The Sexual Dimorphism in Expression of NPY Receptors in Ganglia of the Autonomic Nervous System
The sexual dimorphism in the expression of NPY receptors in the autonomic ganglia is thought to be related to the sex differences in autonomic function. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have opposite effects on physiological functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and reproduction. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the “fight or flight” response, while the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the “rest and digest” response. Therefore, the expression of Y2 receptors, which are predominantly expressed in the sympathetic ganglia, is thought to be related to the sex differences in stress response and cardiovascular function.
Several studies have investigated the relationship between the expression of Y2 receptors in the sympathetic ganglia and cardiovascular function in males and females. For example, one study showed that male rats have a higher heart rate and blood pressure response to stress than female rats, and this was associated with a higher expression of Y2 receptors in the superior cervical ganglion (4). Similarly, another study showed that male rats have a higher sympathetic nervous system activity and a higher expression of Y2 receptors in the superior cervical ganglion than female rats, and this was associated with a higher cardiovascular risk (5). These findings suggest that the sex differences in the expression of Y2 receptors in the sympathetic ganglia may contribute to the sex differences in cardiovascular function and disease.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the expression of NPY receptors, particularly Y2 receptors, in the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system shows sexual dimorphism. The expression of Y2 receptors is higher in the sympathetic ganglia of males than in females, while it is higher in parasympathetic ganglia of females than in males. Sex differences in the expression of Y2 receptors in the sympathetic ganglia may contribute to the sex differences in cardiovascular function and disease. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the sexual dimorphism in the expression of NPY receptors in the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system.