国际经济学答案市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖ppt课件.pptx

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a. Increasing opportunity costs arise because resources or factors of production are not homogeneous (., all units of the same factor are not identical or of the same quality) and not used in the same fixed proportion or intensity in the production of all commodities. This means that as the nation produces more of a commodity, it must utilize resources that become progressively less efficient or less suited for the production of that commodity. As a result, the nation must give up more and more of the second commodity to release just enough resources to produce each additional unit of the first commodity (., it faces increasing costs).
b. In the real world, the production frontiers of different nations will usually differ because ofdifferences in factor endowments and technology.
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Answer to Review Questions and Problems
2. a. See the following figure.
slope of the transformation curve increases as the nation produces more of X and decreases as the nation produces more of Y. These reflect increasing opportunity costs asthe nation produces more of X or Y.
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Answer to Review Questions and Problems
3. a. See the following figure.
b. Nation 1 has a comparative advantage in X and Nation 2 in Y.
c. If the relative commodity price line in autarky has equal slope in both nations. This is rare.
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4. a. See following Figure3. Points B and B’ are the production points in Nations 1 and 2, respectively, with
specialization and trade and E and E’ are the consumption points.
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Answer to Review Questions and Problems
5. a. The equilibrium-relative commodity price in isolation is the relative price that prevails in the nation without trade or in autarky.
b. The equilibrium-relative commodity price in isolation for the commodity plotted along the horizontal axis is given by the (absolute) slope of the tangent of the production frontier and
the community indifference curve at the point of production and consumption in the nation in isolation.
c. The nation with the lower equilibrium relative commodity price in isolation or autarky has a comparative advantage in the commodity measured along the commodity axis and a
comparative disadvantage in the commodity measured along the vertical axis.
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6. See Figure following.
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Answer to Review Questions and Problems
7. a. The reason for incomplete specialization under increasing costs is that as each nation specializes in the production of the commodity of its comparative advantage, the relative commodity price in each nation moves toward each other (., become less unequal) until they are identical in both nations. At that point, it does not pay for either nation to continue to expand the production of the commodity of its initial comparative advantage. This occurs before either nation has completely specialized in production.
b. Under constant costs, each nation specializes completely in production of the commodity of its comparative advantage (., produces only that commodity). The reason is that since it pays for the nation to obtain some of the commodity of its comparative disadvantage from the other nation, then it pays for the nation to get all of the commodity of its comparative
disadvantage from the other nation (., to specialize completely in the production of the commodity of its comparative advantage).
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Answer to Review Questions and Problems
8. See Figure following. Nations 1 and 2 have identical production frontiers (shown by a single curve) but different
tastes (indifference curves). In isolation, Nation 1 produces and consumes at point A and Nation 2 at point A’. Since PA < PA’, Nation 1 has a comparative advantage in X and Nation 2 in Y.
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Answer to Review Questions and Problems
9. a. If the terms of trade of a nation improved from 100 to 110 over a given period of time, the terms of trade of the trade partner would deteriorate by about 9 percent over the same period of time [(100-110)/110 = - =%].
b. A deterioration in the terms of trade of the trade partner can be said to be unfavorable to the trade partner because the trade partner must pay a higher price for its imports in terms of its exports.
c. This does not necessarily mean that the welfare of the trade partner has decreased because the deterioration in its terms of trade may have resulted from an increase in productivity that is shared with the other nation.
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Answer to Review Questions and Problems
10. It is true that Mexico's wages are much lower than . wages (they are about one fifth of the
average wage in the United States), but labor productivity is much higher in the United States
and so labor costs are not necessarily higher than in Mexico. In any event, trade can still be
based on comparative advantage.
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