燃烧学lavoisier拉瓦西知识讲稿.ppt

Lavoisier, Antoine
(1743-1794)
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French chemist, the father of modern chemistry.
As a student, he stated
"I am young and avid for glory."
He was educated in a radical tradition, a friend of Condillac and read Maquois's dictionary.
He won a prize on lighting the streets of Paris, and designed a new method for preparing saltpeter.
He also married a young, beautiful girl named Marie-Anne, who translated from English for him and illustrated his books.
Lavoisier demonstrated with careful measurements that transmutation of water to earth was not possible, but that the sediment observed from boiling water came from the container.
He burnt phosphorus and sulfur in air, and proved that the products weighed more than he original.
Nevertheless, the weight gained was lost from the air.
Thus he established the Law of Conservation of Mass.
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Repeating the experiments of Priestley, he demonstrated that air posed of two parts, one of bines with metals to form calxes.
However, he tried to take credit for Priestley's discovery.
This tendency to use the results of others without acknowledgment then draw conclusions was characteristic of Lavoisier.
In Considérations Générales sur la Nature des Acides (1778), he demonstrated that the "air" responsible bustion was also the source of acidity.
The next year, he named this portion oxygen (Greek for acid-former), and the other azote (Greek for no life).
He also discovered that the inflammable air of Cavendish which he termed hydrogen (Greek for water-former), combined with oxygen to produce a dew, as Priestley had reported, which appeared to be water.
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In Reflexions sur le Phlogistique (1783),
Lavoisier showed the phlogiston theory to be inconsistent.
In Methods of Chemical Nomenclature (1787),
he invented the system of chemical nomenclature still largely in use today, including names such as sulfuric acid, sulfates, and sulfites.
His Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry),
(in 1789) was the