Unit 2 Language Theories and Language Learners Views on language learning How important is the Ss' motivation? Who is responsible for learning? What characteristics do good learners share? What are the different levels? Behaviorist theory(行为主义学习理论) Cognitive theory(认知主义行为理论) Constructivist theory(构建主义理论) Views on language learning The behaviorist theory of language learning was initiated by behavioral psychologist Skinner(斯金纳), who applied Watson’s(华生) theory of psychology. In this theory plex forms of behavior- motions, habits, and such- are seen posed of simple muscular and glandular elements that can be observed and measured. They claimed that emotional reactions are learned in much the same way as other skills. Behaviorist theory(行为主义学习理论) 行为主义学习理论及其要点 代表人物:桑代克、斯金纳 关键词:效果律、练习律、预备律;及时强化与延时强化、连续强化和部分强化 分析:表扬机制和为什么不能滥用表扬 及时反馈的重要性 学习是试误过程。有什么样的后效刺激,就会有怎样的反应。 学习过程是一种渐进由部分到整体的过程。 强化是学习成功的关键,学习应重知识、重技能、重外部行为的研究。 The term cognitivism is often used loosely to describe methods in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat. it seems to be largely the result of Noam Chomsky’s reaction to Skinner’s behaviorist theory, which led to the revival of structural linguistics. Cognitive theory(认知主义行为理论) 认知主义学习理论及其要点 学习是认知结构的组织与再组织。 学习过程是信息加工过程。 学习是凭整体认识。 代表人物:皮亚杰、奥苏贝尔 关键词:认知结构学习风格加工策略 典型应用:直观教学、演示教学 The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his /her own experiences and what he/she already knows. Constructivist theory(构建主义理论) 建构主义学习理论 所以有人认为它是中间路线,也有人认为它是后现代思潮在教育领域的体现。 主观主义 客观主义 学生中心 教师中心 建构主义认为,知识不是通过教师传授得到,而是学习者在一定的情境(社会文化背景)下,借助其他人(包括教师和学习伙伴)的帮助,利用必要的学习资料,通过意义建构的方式而获得。 1. How many foreign language can you speak so far? 2. When did you start learning the foreign language? 3. What difficulties have you experienced in learning? 4. Do you consider yourself a essful learner? 5. Which skill do you find more difficult to learn? 6. Why do you le
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