违约金制度分析研究.pdf

违约金制度研究 I 内容摘要违约金制度诞生于大陆法系的源头罗马法时代,至今已有上千年的历史。我国《合同法》第114条对违约金作了专门的规定,但在理论上有很大的分歧,尤其是违约金的性质和适用原则问题上不乏争议。现行违约金制度曾对法制建设发挥过积极的作用,但实践中也呈现出一些问题,仍有进一步完善的必要。违约金理论反映了两大法系在违约责任理论认识上的分歧。由于受经济、社会、法律传统等因素的影响,英美法系国家的经济方式相对自由,合同责任违约经济方式也更加灵活,同时司法上比较重视案件的处理实效,因而这一学说在英美国家有较大的影响。我国合同法基本沿袭了大陆法系的法律传统,强调“合同必须遵守”,把违约金作为违约责任的主要形式并对违约金性质做了专门规定,但在理论上依然有一些问题引发争论。如何吸收两大法系的经验,及时完善我国违约金制度,避免国际贸易中的合同条款因违背各国的国内强行法而无效。实有必要对各国违约金的性质进行比较研究。我国合同法规定的违约金数额调整制度在违约金规制中发挥着主导作用,但仍有进一步完善的必要。基于合同自由的神圣地位,对违约金的法律干预应持相当克制的态度。由于现行法律和司法解释对此均未做出明确的规定,法官只能运用自由裁量权做出判断,这在一定程度上影响了执法统一。有鉴于此,文章拟就这些问题进行一些探讨,完善违约救济体系,更好的发挥其应有的作用。关键词:违约金适用原则法律规制河北经贸大学硕士学位论文 II pensation of breaking contracts originated Roman Law which has existed more than one thousand of breaking contractsin article 114 of PRC Contract Law great differences still exist in theory till now. Particularly the nature of default fine and its application principle .The Current system pensation of breaking contracts has once played appositive role in the building of ruling by law, but also presented some problems. The system should be perfected continuously in view of these problems. Compensation ofbreaking contracts reflects the responsibility in the theoretical understanding of the differences default between mon law countries and the civil law countries. Because of the economic, social, legal traditions and other factors, mon law countries of the economic means relative freedom, responsibility breach of contract is more flexible economic approach, while more attention to judicial cases effectiveness and this doctrine in the United States has a greater impact. China Contract Law stressed that "contracts must plied ". pensation of breaking contractsin article 114 of PRC Contract Law 1999. Butmanyissuesintheoryhave aneffectontheapplicationofthelaw. Asaresult,parativelawaboutthenatureofliquidateddamagesindifferentcountrieseitherfromthe pointofsumminguptheexperienceofthetwobigLawSystemsforperfectingChinese liquidateddamagessys