语言学.docx

标准日语课后练习翻译及答案 1-18 课 Design features of language 语言的结构特征 Design features------ refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system munication. They are arbitrariness, duality, creativity/ productivity, displacement, clutural transmission and interchangeability. Design features----- are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc. ( ,二重性,创造性,移位性,文化转移性等.) The American linguist Charles Hockett specified twelve design features. What is arbitrariness? 任意性 a. arbitrariness 【'ɑ ?b? tr?r? n? s】---- arbitrariness ( 任意性): one design feature of human language,which refers to the fac t that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. ( 人类语言的本质特征之一, 指语言符号的形式与意义之间没有自然的联系.) It was discussed by Saussure link between them is a matter of convention. . “ house ” uchi (Japanese) Mansion (French) 房子(Chinese) (1) arbitrary between the sound ofa morpheme and its meaning 语言的音和义之间的任意性 a. By “ arbitrary ”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 语言的意义和语音之间没有逻辑关系。 A gog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a gig. Language therefore is largely arbitrary. b. But language is not absolutely seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo words, like “ bang ”” crash ”” roar ”” rumble ”” cakle ”, which are motivated ina certain sense. ” onomatopoeia 拟声词---words that sound like the sounds they describe 那些发音像它们的描写的声音的词 c. pounds (pounded to be one word ) are not entirely arbitary either. “ type ” and ” write ” are opaque or unmotivated words, while “ type -writer ” is less so, or more transparent or motivated than the words that make we can say “ arbitrariness ” isa matter of degree. arbitrary and onometopoeic effect may work at the same time. 任意性和拟声可以同时起作用。 Eg. The murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves. 夏日黄昏,群蝇嗡嗡地非。(2) Arbitr