罗森财政学复习资料双语版.doc

罗森财政学复习资料（双语版）
Unified budget: The document which itemizes all the federal government’s expenditures and revenues.
统一预算： 联邦政府在一个文件中将其支出逐项列出文件
Regulatory budget: an annual statement of the costs imposed on the economy by government regulations
管制预算： 政府管制对经济产生成本
Entitlement programs:  programs whose expenditures are determined by the number of people who qualify ,rather than preset budget allocations.
公民权利性计划： （是指相关社会保障、公共福利计划、农产品价格维持等法律要求受益人和收益数额政府支出项目）项目标成本不是由固定美元数额来决定，而是由符合条件人数量决定。
Substitution effect :the tendency of an individual to consume more of one good and less of another because of a decrease in the price of the former relative to the latter.
替换效应：是指一个商品价格改变所引发使消费者调整该种商品和其它商品需求量百分比效应。
Income effect : the effect of a price change the quantity demanded due exclusively to the fact that the consmer’s income has changed
收入效应：收入效应指由商品价格变动所引发实际收入水平变动，进而由实际收入水平变动所引发商品需求量变动。
Welfare economics: the branch of economic theory concerned with the social desirability of alternative economic states.
福利经济学：研究多种经济状态社会合意性经济理论一个分支
Pareto efficient : an allocation of resource such that no person can be made better off without making another person worse off.
帕累托效率：要使一个人境况变好，唯一措施就是使另一个人境况变坏
Pareto improvement: a reallocation of resources that makes at least one person better off without making anyone else worse off.
对在不使其它任何人境况变坏情况下使某人境况变好资源进行重新配置
Pure public good : a commodity that is nonrival and nonexcludable in consumption.
纯公共物品：指既没有排她性有没有竞争性产品和服务
Privatization ：the process of turning services that are supplied by the government over to the private sector for provision and production
私有化：把由政府提供服务交给私人部门去提供和生产
Commodity egalitarianism : the idea that some commodities ought to be made available to everybody
商品平均主义：要求一些商品人人有份
Externality: an activity of one entity that affects the welfare of another entity in a way that is outside the market mechanism
外部性：当某一实体活动以市场机制之外某种方法直接影响她人福利时，这种影响称为外部性
Coase theorem : provided that transaction costs are negligi