美国对外战争的道德因素.pdf

摘要在政府作出重大决定中,战争是最艰难也是争议性最大的,尤其是战争与道德有关时,因为由于民族文化的差异性,各个国家对于道德是非标准有着不同的理解,一场在一个民族看来是正义的战争在另一个民族看来却是完全的侵略。政治学中理想主义与现实主义之争长期存在也是源于对世界的不同理解。对于美国人来说,道德与政治的链接点正如其独立宣言所说:“我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利,其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。" 纵观美国的战争史,美国每次都会为其战争找到道德指针,只是这种道德理想在不同时期以不同的形式展现出来,从内战时的反奴隶制到西进运动中的天定命运。二战后,美国一跃为世界头号强国。如果说其后的海外干涉是迫于冷战反苏联的需要,那么事实证明美国在冷战后没有减少武力干涉,反而向海外派兵超过十次,以阿富汗及伊拉克战争为顶点。虽然这些战争的原因不全是因为道德理想因素,但是这些理想却是深深影响着政策制定者的思维并促使他们为其实现不断努力。这种倾向在911之后尤其明显。本文试图运用正义战争理论,民主和平论及清教传统分析美国对外战争中的道德层面,证明其存在且有连续性,并找到其历史和文化根源,为解释及预测未来美国对外战争的道德因素提供可能的理论框架。关键词:正义战争理论,民主和平论,西部英雄,伊拉克战争,海地战争 ABSTRACT Morality inAmerican Intervention Abroad LiXiao Among themostconse戈luential decisions forthegovernment involves thedecision towage awar,especially when that relatestothemoral idealsthatthecountry is attachedtobut notnecessarily hisadversaries policiesrelating morality isinsurmountably difficult because ajust war for one people may be atotal aggression intheeye ,there isalways thedispute between realism and idealismwhich viewdifferently how南rci印policies shouldbe made. Looking atwars inAmerican history,no matter home or abroad,people will always findthey arealways related totheidealsthatAmerica stoodfor since the Declaration theseidealstookdifferentshapes indifferent of periods inAmerican history such asanti—slavery inCivilWarand ManifestDestiny in western adventuresabroadduring the Cold War were forthe counterbalance against Soviet Union,then afterthe Soviet Union collapsed,the American interventionismabroad has no sigh thefifteen years after the ColdWar Wasover,America sent troops abroad formorethan 10times,culminating inAfghanistan these wars were not onlywaged formoralreasons, theidealsAmerica has long attached indeed influenceAmerican policy makers’ perspectiveandinspire them towork fortheirrealizations,even attheexpense ofWar. Thisisespecially trueafter 9/1 Thisthesisjust analyzes them