宋代民众对瘟疫的认识及其防治策略.docx

宋代民众对瘟疫的认识及其防治策略
　　摘要：　宋代民众是防治瘟疫的重要基层力量和辅助力量，弥补了官府救治薄弱的区域。其中民间医家是防治疫病的中坚力量，一方面亲赴灾区诊治病人，发放药物，公布医方，传播官方医学知识；另一方面又积累经验，亲撰医书，精选各家名方，简化官府医方，将医药知识应用于临床治疗。地方乡绅、僧人、道士采取了发放药物、施舍粥食、捐献家资、掩埋尸体、祈神驱疫等措施。普通民众对疫病的认识和态度极为复杂，采取的防疫措施也是多种多样。受国家提倡和官府防疫措施的影响，宋代社会民众对疫病的态度发生了一定程度的变化，认识到医药知识是防治疫病的根本和关键，"按方剂以救民疾";和"依方用药";成为宋代医疗发展的新方向，极大地促进了医学方书的产生和药物的应用。
　　关键词：　宋代; 瘟疫; 社会民众; 防治;
　　Abstract：　The people in Song Dynasty were the important grass-roots and auxiliary forces to prevent and control the plague,which made up for the weak areas of government doctors are the backbone of disease prevention and the one hand,they go to the disaster area to diagnose and treat patients,distribute drugs,publish medical prescriptions,and disseminate official medical the other hand,they accumulate experience,write medical books,select famous prescriptions,simplify government medical prescriptions,and apply medical knowledge to clinical treatmenthe common people ' s understanding and attitude towards the epidemic are very complex,and the epidemic prevention measures adopted are also the attention and guidance of the state,the attitude of the people towards the epidemic in Song Dynasty changed to some extent,and they realized that medical knowledge was the fundamental and key to the prevention and control of the epidemic. "According to prescriptions to use drugs" became the new direction of medical development in Song Dynasty,which greatly promoted the production of medical prescriptions and the application of drugs.
　　Keyword：　Song Dynasty; plague; ordinary people; prevention and control;
　　宋代建立了以各级官府为主导、社会民众为辅助的疫病防治体系，其中朝廷和各级官吏是防治瘟疫的核心力量，社会民众是防治瘟疫的民间基层力量144-145。社会民众包括民间医家、僧人、道士、地方乡绅和普通民众等，在国家疫病防治体系中发挥了辅助性的作用，救治的范围大多集中在乡村地区，以个体活动较多，弥补了官府救治薄弱的区域。尤其在疫情流行较为严重的时期，地方乡绅、民间医家和宗教人士等建立的救助机构，因分散在村社，救济活动更为直接，往往在官府到达之前率先对疫病采取初步救治，发挥的效果亦较为明显。民间医家是宋代乡村中应对疫病的中坚力量，一方面亲赴灾区诊治病人，发放药物，公布医方，传播官方医学知识；另一方面又积累经验，亲撰医书，精选各家名方，简化官府医方，将医药知识应用于临床治疗。地方乡绅、僧人、道士