by的用法小结.doc

by的用法小结
,表示动作的执行者,意为“被;由”。
  He was praised by the 。
  The book was written by Lu 。
、方法、手段等,后常接无冠词的名词或动名词,意为“通过;靠;用”。
  Don't judge a person by appearances. 勿以貌取人。
  He made a living by 。
,意为“到……时(为止”或“不迟于……”。
  He ought to be here by 。
  By the time he was ten, he had learnt about 1,000 English ,他已学了约一千个英语单词。
(增减)程度,尺寸数量等,意为“至……的程度”。
  the bullet missed me by two 。
  the rope needs to be longer by two 。
,后接名词不用冠词,意为“乘;坐”。
  go by bus / plane / train 乘汽车(飞机、火车)去
  travel by land / sea / air 陆上(海上、空中)旅行
,意为“在近旁;在……旁边”。
  There is a pumping station by the 。
词by可以用来表示方位、时间、手段等,其用法在高考中曾多次出现。下面结合高考试卷和其它一些例句做一下归纳：
一、by+地点名词。表方位，意为：“在…旁边”。如：by the lake/river/tree/window/door等。
She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.(NMET90)她搜索了山顶，然后停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。
After supper she would sit down by the fire,sometimes for as long as an hour,thinking of her young and happy days.(2003上海·春）晚饭后，她常坐在火旁，有时长达一个小时地回忆她那青春、快乐的年代。
注：有时可表:“从…旁经过”,多与动词go/walk/pass等连用。
As we boys were rushing towards the playground,Jim slipped by the table.(NMET92完形）当我们这些男生冲向操场时，吉姆从桌旁溜过。
二、by+时间名词。意为：“到…时（已发生某事），此时谓语多用完成时；最晚、不迟于…，在…之前”。如：by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of/three o`clock等。
By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed.(2003上海·春）到去年年底，又有一座新体育馆峻工了。
The train leaves at 6:00 I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.(NMET97)火车下午六点开，所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。
三、by+名词。可用来表方法、方式、手段等。