英语语言学概论课程课件 课件名称:语言的使用 制作者:外国语学院鞠玉梅 Chapter 8 Language in Use Purpose of teaching: Invite students to the field of pragmatics Focal points of teaching: Speech act theory, Conversational implicature, and Relevance theory Pragmatics Introduction “You are a fool.” “You are such a genius.” “What do you mean?” SPEAKER’S MEANING, UTTERANCE MEANING, CONTEXTUAL MEANING Depends more on the context Pragmatics: The study of language in use Introduction Pragmatics is usually concerned with the meanings that sentences have in particular contexts in which they are used. . There is a ing is seen as, out of context, a statement that a car ing. But in a particular context it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road, an expression of hope that people invited to a dinner are at last arriving, and so on. Sentence Meaning Utterance Meaning It is the abstract context-independent entity called semantic proposition. It is context-dependent. It is the product of sentence meaning and context. Therefore, it is richer than the meaning of the sentence. Introduction Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers use the sentences of a language to effect munication. Pragmatics is different from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation but in context. Introduction Hence, in particular, pragmatics is seen as the study of implicatures as opposed to ‘literal meanings’ or truth conditions of sentences. Invented by C. W. Morris in the 1930s, for a branch of semiotics opposed to ‘syntax’, seen as concerned with relations among signs, and ‘semantics’, seen as concerned with relations between signs and their denotata. The field of pragmatics was in turn the relations between signs and their interpretants. Speech act theory The first major theory in the study of language in use. Originated with the Oxford philosopher John Langshaw Austin. How to Do Things with Words (1962)《怎样用词做事》 1. Performatives and constatives 施为句和表述句 Two types of
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