先秦几组天神词及祭祀考.pdf

摘要先秦时期的文献对于我们把握最早的汉语词义具有十分重要的意义,具有其他历史文献所没有的优势,对先秦汉语进行训释分析,可以帮助人们认识其源头及后来的演变情况。天神词是先秦词汇中非常重要的一部分,本文主要就是针对几组天神词来分析其词语产生及变化情况,并对其祭祀方法进行考释。本文共选三组天神词:帝与天;西王母与高襟;风神和雨神。这三组天神词之问既相互区别,又有一定的关系。帝与天产生的根源不同:“帝”源于花蒂之“蒂”,有根基、原始之义;“天”本义为头顶,后来演变为自然之天。但是二者在发展的过程中意义相互融合,成为人们观念中的至上神。禅、柴是祭祀帝与天的两种方法,明堂是祭祀帝的场所,但祭天往往在野外,这与天的自然本性有关。“西王母”本为图腾名称,是外来语的译名,“西”即西方,“母”即是从西方来的音译的产物:高襟本义即为生育女神,她作为生殖神与发展后具有多种神格功能的西王母在神格上产生交叉。对于西王母的祭祀没有特殊的名称,圜宫是祭祀高襟的场所。风雨是最为常见的自然现象,风神和雨神也就成为自然神中人们膜拜最多的神灵,风字在甲骨文中最初写为凤,这与人们对四方风的认识有关,后来风神又有风师飞廉等多种称呼;祭祀风神的方法是磔,其目的是事风。雨师、屏翳是雨神的名称,姣、雩是求雨之祭,二者都是来源于巫:求雨焚巫为姣,求雨时巫吁嗟呼号、舞之蹈之则为雩。本文试图通过对这几组天神词的训释,来帮助人们认识其词义发展演变的过程,以对其本义与后产生的意义有一个把握。关键词:帝;天;西王母;高襟;风神;雨神 Abstract Wording or diction inQin dynasty isofparamount importance andenjoys a favorable position inmaking certaintheoriginalmeaning ofthe earliestChinese words and or diction on allkinds of gods occupies an important detailedanalysis ofdiction on gods helps torecognize their origin and theirdevelopment eeding paper thus aims toprobe intothedevelopment of three groups ofdiction ongods,.,帝and天,西乇母 and高襟,风神and雨神and review the sacrificeceremonies toworship them and some concrete methods inthoseceremonies. 帝and天originate originated from“蒂”which means literally thepedicel of aflower inancient Chinese language and isevolved torefer to thefundament ororigin,天,originallymeaning thetop ofthe head gains the meaning of“sky”in two concepts assimilated with each other gradually andthegods theyrepresented became theutmost gods inChinese culture. 禅and紫are twoceremonies tooffersacrifice tothem. “西王母”,is atranslated titleof atotemand高襟is thegoddess charging of theunique place tooffersacrificeto高襟while no specialplace?or fixedname forsacrificing西王母. Wind and mon phenomena itisonly natural thattheprimitivepeople worship them asgods inancient times when they could not explain whatthe wind and ,师,飞,廉are allnames forgod ofwin