求职.ppt

Life is a Series of Games What is a Game? ? Any event in which the e depends on choices made by two or more people – Strategic interdependence : One player ’ s payoff depends on another player ’ s choice ? A game is not petitive (games can involve mutually beneficial es, such as marriage) ? A game is not necessarily fun Games You May Have Played Getting Here Today ? Players : You and another driver going the opposite direction, You and Player 2 ? Strategies : Drive on the left side (L) of the road or drive on the right side (R) ? es : binations {You, Player 2}: {L,L}, {L,R}, {R,L}, {R,R} ? Preferences : {L,L} = {R,R} > {L,R} = {R,L} ? Equilibrium : {L,L} or {R,R} Every game is defined by: ? Players ? Strategies ? es ? Players ’ Preferences – Defined over es, not strategies ? Sequence of moves ? Beliefs (later) Equilibrium ? An equilibrium is the predicted e or es of a game ? No player will want to change strategies given the strategies being played by the other players ? For researchers, equilibria are predictions about the way the world will work ? For players, equilibria are best replies, or strategies that work best given the strategies chosen by the other player Driving Game Equilibria ? Two equilibria : {L,L} and {R,R} ? Problem: Which one will the players choose? – Difficult to coordinate on-the-spot – From these two equilibria , an institution, law, or rule may choose for us ? China, US: Drive on the Right ? UK, Thailand: Drive on the Left – It is very difficult (impossible?) for a government to enforce an e that is not an equilibrium – But, a government may enforce one of many equilibria Walking in the Hallway ? Same players, strategies, es, and preferences as driving ? Two equilibria : {L,L} and {R,R} ? Which do you and the other player usually choose? – In the US & China: {R,R}? – In the UK & Thailand: {L,L}? ? Why? There is no rule or law ? Norms, convention, tradition derived from driving ? People may naturally sel