Magnesium matrix composite reinforced by nanoparticles – A review 2021 K.B. Nie.pdf

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ARTICLEINPRESS
JID:JMAA[m5+;October8,2020;7:14]

JournalofMagnesiumandAlloysxxx(xxxx)xxx

Review
Magnesiummatrixcompositereinforcedbynanoparticles–Areview
,b,,∗,,,
aStateKeyLaboratoryofAdvancedWeldingandJoining,HarbinInstituteofTechnology,Harbin150001,China
bCollegeofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,TaiyuanUniversityofTechnology,Taiyuan030024,China
Received26December2019;receivedinrevisedform22July2020;accepted4August2020
Availableonlinexxx
Abstract
Signiflcantprogresshasbeenmadeinmagnesium-basedcompositesduringrecentdecades,especiallyfortheappearanceofmagnesium
,butalsomaintainthe
initialtoughnessofthematrix,effectivelybalancingthecontradictionbetweenthestrengthandplasticityinthetraditionalmagnesium

,itisverydifflculttodispersethenanoparticlesinmetalmeltespeciallyinmagnesiummelt

,themagnesiummatrixnanocompositespossessadistinctivecharacteristicindeformation
behavior,,thisreviewwillfocuson
thenewpreparationtechnologies,deformationbehavior,
applications,developmenttrendsandfutureresearchideasofmagnesiummatrixnanocompositearealsoprospected.
©.
ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(-nc-nd//)
PeerreviewunderresponsibilityofChongqingUniversity
Keywords:Magnesiummatrixnanocomposite;Microstructure;Mechanicalproperties;Strengtheningmechanism.
[9–12].Therearevarioustypesofpartic-
ulatereinforcementsavailabletopreparemagnesiummatrix
Light-weightmagnesiumwhichpossessesextremelylowcomposites(MMCs)suchascarbides(SiC,TiC,B4C,ZrC),
density,goodmachinabilityandstructuralproperties,canoxides(Al2O3,TiO2),borides(ZrB2,TiB2),nitrides(AlN,
meettherequirementsofenergysavingandemissionreduc-BN,ZrN,TiN)andmetals(Ti,Cu,Mo,Ni)[12–15].Ithas
tioninthetransportationsectorandotherautomotiveappli-beenshownthattheMMCscontainingoneormoretradi-
cation[1–3].However,therearestillsomebottlenecksinationalmicronsizeparticulatereinforcementsandcontinuous
targetapplicationformagnesiumsuchaslowelasticmodu-magnesiummatrixhaveoutstandingadvantagesovermono-
lusandductility,poorcreepandabrasionresistanceandhighlithicmagnesium,suchashighstrength,highmodulusand
corrosionrate[4].Tocircumventtheselimitations,theintro-wearproperties[16–18].However,thereisahighprobability
ductionofalloyingelementsorreinforcementstomagnesiumthattheadditionofmicronsizeparticulatereinforcementscan
hasbeenadoptedinpreviousstudies[5–8].Inparticular,theeasilyleadstoparticlecrackingandvoidformationintheas-
additionofparticulatereinforcementstomagnesiummatrixcastMMCs,whichacceleratesthefailureduringthefollowing
hasbeenproventofurtherimprovethemechanicalproper-
tiesinadditiontoprecipitationstrengthening,grainreflnementofmagnesiummatrixcompositereinforcedbynanoparticles
strengtheningandsolidsolutionstrengtheningcontributedbyhasshowedthattheadditionofnanoparticlesnotonlyexhibits
agoodstrengtheningeffect,butalsomaintainsthetoughness
∗oftheinitialmatrix,thuspushthedevelopmentofmagnesium
Correspondingauthor.
E-mailaddress:******@().%
/
2213-9567/©-NC-NDlicense
(-nc-nd//)PeerreviewunderresponsibilityofChongqingUniversity
Pleasecitethisarticleas:,,.,Magnesiummatrixcompositereinforcedbynanoparticles–Areview,JournalofMagnesium
andAlloys,/:.
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JID:JMAA[m5+;October8,2020;7:14]
,,./JournalofMagnesiumandAlloysxxx(xxxx)xxx
nanoparticles,comparableorevensuperiormechanicalprop-
ertiescanbeachievedinthemagnesiummatrixnanocom-
positesrelativetotraditionalmagnesiummatrixcomposites
[19,20],whichbetterbalancethecontradictionbetweenthe
strengthandplasticity.
However,tofabricatethemagnesiummatrixnanocompos-
iteswithexcellentmechanicalproperties,themainissueto
befacedisthelowwettabilitybetweentheceramicnanopar-
ticlesandmoltenmagnesiummatrix[21,22].Itisextremely
difflculttodispersethenanoparticlesinmetalmeltespecially
inmagnesiummelt,becausethemagnesiummeltiseasierto
burnrelativetoothermetalmelts,whichismoredangerous
-
-
ingmethodologiesinvolvingineitherliquidbasedorsolid
basedtechniques[23–28]havebeenexploredforpreparing
magnesiummatrixcompositecontainingnano-.
Further,duetothespecialsizeeffectofnanoparticles,there
isalsoadistinctivecharacteristicinthegrainreflnement,thedisintegratedmeltdeposition(DMD)[6],insitusynthesis
crushingofsecondphases,theimproveddistributionofre-method[36],frictionstirprocessing[37],powdermetallurgy
inforcementandthedynamicprecipitationforthemagne-[38],,theultrasonicvibration,thecombina-
siummatrixnanocompositeduringthesecondaryprocessingtionofultrasonicvibrationandsemisolidstirringmethodand
suchasextrusionorrolling[29,30].Moreover,therelation-theDMDmethodaremostwidelyused.
shipbetweenthementionedmicrostructureandcorresponding
strengtheningandtougheningmechanismofthemagnesium

[31].
ThepresentworkwillfocusindetailontheimportantSolidiflcationprocessingtechnologies,especiallycasting,
progressoflightweightmagnesiummatrixcompositesrein-isacosteffectivetoenableahighvolumeandnetshapepro-
forcedbynanoparticlesinthepreparation,forming,perfor-
-vanderWaalsforcebetweenthenanoparticlesisstrongand
cationsofdifferentpreparationtechnologiesformagnesiumthewettabilitybetweenthemagnesiumandthenanoparti-
matrixcompositesreinforcedbynanoparticleswillbepre-clesisverypoor,areliablecastingprocesswhichenables

onthemicrostructureandmechanicalpropertiesaswellasneededtodevelophighperformancebulkmagnesiumma-
,theultrasonicvibration
,developmenttrendsandhasbeenproventobeeffectivewhichcombinesthecasting
futureresearchideasofmagnesiummatrixnanocompositearetechnologieswithtransientcavitationandacousticstreaming.
-hotspots
oftemperaturesof∼5000°C,whichreachpressuresabove
1000atm,andheatingandcoolingratesabove1010°C/s[39].

reinforcedbynanoparticlesSuchstrongimpactcouplingwithlocalhightemperaturescan
potentiallycleantheparticlesurface,breakthenanoparticle
Inordertoimprovethestrengthofthemagnesium,micro-clusters.
sizeceramicparticleshavebeenintroducedintomagnesium
matrix,butunfortunately,
,thelowInordertosimulatethetheoreticalfeasibilityofultrasonic
concentrationofnanoparticleswhichhavethepotentialtovibrationonthedispersionofnanoparticles,twonanoparti-
improvestrengthwhilemaintainingorevenimprovingtheclesagglomerationmodelinmetalwasbuiltbyYang[40].
plasticityofmagnesium,hasbeenintroducedtothemagne-,theattractiveforcesbetweentwonanopar-
,itisdifflculttodispersethenanoparti-
clesuniformlyinmagnesiummatrixduetothestrongvandertwoforceswhichwerecalculatedbasedontheactualfab-
Waalsforcebetweenthenanoparticlesandtheverypoorwet-ricationconditionswereaddedtogetherandthenconverted
tabilitywiththemagnesiummatrix[32].Thecommonlyem-intopressure,whichistheforcerequiredtoseparatetwoag-

nanocompositeincludesultrasonicvibration[33,34],thecom-withthenumericallycalculatedultrasoniccavitationpressure,
binationofultrasonicvibrationandsemisolidstirring[35],forthenanoparticleswithadiameterof30nm,theacoustic
Pleasecitethisarticleas:,,.,Magnesiummatrixcompositereinforcedbynanoparticles–Areview,JournalofMagnesium
andAlloys,/:.
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[33].
cavitationpressuremorethan6000atmwasmuchhigherrel-
ativetothecalculatedforceof650atmrequiredtoseparate
-
callysimulated,whichsigniflcantlyaffectsthedistributingof
nanoparticlesinsidethemelt.

andacousticstreameffectfornanoparticledispersionandwet-
tinginmetalmelts[33].Whentheintensityofultrasonic
soundexceedsacertainlimit,thestateofthemeltcanbe
changedbytheinteractionsbetweentheultrasonicsoundand
themelt[41].Oncethehigh-intensityultrasonicwavesspread
inthemoltenmetal,aseriesofcomplexnonlinearphenomena
suchasacousticcavitationandacousticstreamingeffectscan
begeneratedinthemelt[42].Acousticstreamingasaliquid
flowresultingfromacousticpressuregradientcanbeused
-
cyclichigh-intensityultrasonicwaves,lotsofmicrobubblessiummelt.

thenegativepressurecycleandcollapsetotinybubblesdur-−3
,itcanbeassumedthatthepropaga-
ingthepositivepressurecycle,leadingtotransientmicro“hot
spots”.Thiseffectcalled“acousticcavitation”canproduceantionspeedcoftheultrasonicwaveinthemagnesiummeltis
×103ms−1[47].Assumingthattheultrasonicprocessing
implosiveimpactandbreakuptheclusterednano-sizeparti-
cles[43].Besides,thewettabilitybetweentheparticlesandpowerisabout20kHz,thetitaniumtoolheadandthemag-
thematrixalloycanbeenhancedbythisstrongimpactcou-
plingwithlocaltransienthightemperatures[44].theultrasonicwaveis12and30μm,theultrasonicintensity
is225and1400Wcm−2,respectively[48],whichismuch
higherthantherequiredultrasonicintensityof80Wcm−2.

Further,theultrasonicvibrationcouldincreasethecapil-
-
laryeffectinthemelt,promotingthepenetrationofthemelt

,thecrit-
theultrasonicequipmentusedmeetstherequirementsfordis-
icalosmoticpressurepscanbeexpressedas[49]:

soundpowerperunitarea,whichcanbeexpressedasin6λσLGcosθ(ϕ−1)
themelt[45]:ps=(2)
dp×ϕ
12wheredpistheaverageparticlediameter,σLGisthesurface
I=ρc(2πfA