词汇学重要知识点.doc

该【词汇学重要知识点 】是由【莫比乌斯】上传分享，文档一共【7】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【词汇学重要知识点 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。UnitOneWhatisLexicology?
LexicologyItisabranchoflinguisticsdealingwiththevocabularyofalanguageandthepropertiesofwordsasthemainunitsoflanguage.
WordItisthebasicunitofspeechandminimalfreeformwhichhasagivensoundandmeaningandgrammaticalfunction.
Therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningisconventionalbecausepeopleofthesamespeechcommunityhaveagreedtothisclusterofsoundsforsuchananimal.
分类Wordsmayfallintobasicwordstockandnon-basicbyusefrequency;contentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion,nativewordsorborrowedwordsbyorigin.
Basicwordsstableandindispensable
characteristics
1Allnationalcharacter:.2Stability::5collocability.
Non-basicwords:Terminology术语Slang俚语Jargon行话Argot隐语Dialectalwords方言Archaisms古词Neologisms新词
functionalwords,like:…Theydon’(notional),verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals.
Nativewords:Anglo-Saxonwords,smallinnumber,thecoreofthelanguage,neutralinstyle,frequentinuse.
Borrowedwords:arewordstakenoverfromotherlanguages
,dogma,drama,pneumonia---,pope,martyr,monk,anthem,shrine,creed–oldECradle,bald,slogan,flannel,down----CelticBalcony,corridor,attack,cannon,opera---Italy
vocabulary
---allthewordsinalanguagetogether,allitemsinadictionary.
:
1)Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?A
.
.
2)ThedifferencesbetweensoundandformareduetoD


3)Completethefollowingsentences:
,Theconnectionbetweenthemis___arbitrary__andconventional.
.
UnitTwoWordFormation
-formation。Themostproductivewaysofword-formationareaffixation,compoundingandconversion.
“read-er”forexample.–;–ercannotstandalone,.
Anallomorphreferstoamemberofasetofmorphs,whichrepresentonemorpheme
Affixation(词缀法):isgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.(Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation).
-classofstembutonlymodify(change)itsmeaning.
,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems(thewordclass).
exercises:
1)aminimalmeaningfulunitofalanguage(morpheme)
2)oneofthevariantsthatrealizeamorpheme(allomorph)同位语素
3)amorphemethatoccurswithatleastoneothermorpheme(boundmorpheme)粘着语素
4)amorphemethatcanstandalone(freemorpheme)
5)amorphemeattachedtoastemorroot(affix)
6)anaffixthatindicatesgrammaticalrelationships(inflectionalaffix)
7)anaffixthatformsnewwordswithastemoraroot.(derivationalaffix)派生词缀
8)whatremainsofawordaftertheremovalofallaffixes(root)词根
UnitThreeBasicFormationofWordsandOthers
Compounding(Composition)TheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestemsiscalledcompoundsTherearedifferentwaystocompoundEnglishwords:(threemajorways)
:N+n:chairperson,prep+n:byproductA.+n:deadline,N+v:toothache,N+v+ing:air-conditioning,V+ing+n:walkingstickAdv+v:outbreak,V+adv.:sit-in,
:N+v-ing:record-breaking,A+v+ing:easy-going,Adv+v+ing:out-going,N+v+ed:poverty-strickenN(a)+n+ed:short-sightedNum+n+ed:four-legged;N+a:duty-free…
:lip-reading,mass-production→tolipread,mass-,back-formedverbsareformedbydroppingthesuffixes.
:
,withnomorphologicalstructureormeaningchangebutfunctionalchange
.
ThemostproductivewayofformingEnglishwordsareaffixation,compoundingandconversion,however,therearestillsomeotherwayslikeshortening,clipping,acronymyandblending,
(缩略法))Frontclipping:areoplane---plane;2)Backclipping:photograph---photo,;3)Frontandbackclipping:refrigerator—fridge;
(首字母拼音词)arewordsformedintheprocessofjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms,:radiodetectingandranging;NATO:theNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
(拼缀法):istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword,:Forexample:smog—smoke+fog;motel---motor+hotel,comsat---
communications+satellite;telecast---television+broadcast.
-formation(逆生法):Asweknow,suffixesistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobase,whileback-formationisthemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.
:
1)Compoundsarewordsformedbycombingsuffixesandstems.(F)
2)Asarule,thestressofcompoundsfallsonthefirstelement.(T)
3)Themeaningofacompoundisusuallythecombinationofthestems.(F)
4)Acompoundfunctionsasasinglegrammaticalunit,sotheinternalstructurecannotbechanged.(T)
5)Conversionreferstotheuseofwordsofoneclassasthatofadifferentclass.(T)
6)Wordsmainlyinvolvedinconversionarenouns,verbsandadverbs.(F)
7)Analternativeforconversionisfunctionalshift.(T)
UnitFourWordMeaning
.‘triangleofwordsense’(word—concept—thingtriangle)(词义三角),peoplehavemeaningforthem.
sense:Everywordthathasmeaninghassense,butnoteverywordhasreference.
Meaningisconcrete,.
‘meaning”isnotassimpleasitseemstobe.
ConceptInmanycases,meaningisusedinthesenseofconcept,whichisbeyondthesymbol,istheresultofhumancognition,’smindcanconcreterelationshipbeestablished.
?(理据)
Motivationreferstotheinternalconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbol(orsign)(拟声理据)suggeststhemeaningsofcertainwordsbytheresounds;Morphologicalmotivation(形态理据)referstothecompoundorthederivedwordswhenthemeaningofthewordcanbefiguredoutsincemanyofthemarethesumtotalofthemulti-..EtymologicalMotivationmayrelateusdirectlytothehistoryoftheword.‘Pen’maysuggests‘feather’,whichweusedasatooltowrite.
:
1)“Heisfondofthebottle.”isbasedon_semanticmotivationandtheword“airmail”isbasedon_morphological_motivation.
2),manyofwhichhavemeaningonlywhentheyhaveacquired__
reference__,thatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.
3)Word-meaningisnotmonogeneousbutacomposite,,existingonlyinactualcontext.
5),singularandpluralform,tensemeaningofverbsandtheirinflectionalforms,suchasforget-forgot-forgotten-forgetting,:___conceptual__meaningandassociativemeaning.
Unit5WordMeaning
Lexicalmeaningitselfhastwocomponents:conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.
Conceptualmeaning(概念意义)(alsoknownasdenotativemeaning)isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofwordmeaning.
Associatemeaning(关联意义):connotativemeaning,stylisticmeaning,affectivemeaning,andcollocativemeaning.
connotativemeaningreferstotheovertonesorassociationswhichawordsuggestsorimplies.
Affectivemeaningindicatesthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.
Collocativemeaningconsistsoftheassociationsawordacquiresinitscollocation.
ComponentialAnalysis(语义成份分析),accordingtoLeech,.
.
,)Primarymeaningadhesive2)Personalexperienced3)Unstable4)Temporary
-.
.
Exercises:
1)Motivationexplainswhyaparticularformhasaparticularmeaning.(T)
2)Grammaticalmeaningreferstothepartofspeech,tensesofverbsandstylisticfeaturesofwords.(F)
3)Unlikeconceptualmeaning,associativemeaningisunstableandindeterminate.(T)
4)Affectivemeaningreferstothepartoftheword-meaningwhichindicatestheattitudeoftheuser.(T)
5)Collocationcanaffectthemeaningofwords.(T)
6)Inthephrase‘thetonguesoffire,,thewordfireissemanticallymotivated.(F)
7)Byetymologicalmotivation,wemeanthatthemeaningofaparticularwordisrelatedtoitsorigin.
(T)
8)Theconnotativemeaningisalsoknownasconnotations,whicharegenerallyfoundinthedictionary(F)
UnitSixSenseRelationsofWords
(同义关系):
TypesofSynonyms:Absolutesynonyms,Relativesynonyms
DiscriminationofSynonyms(辨析)Asrelativesynonymsalwaysdifferinonewayoranother,thedifferencesexistindenotation(概念);emotionandstyleandtheirdifferentcollocation..
;:aflockofsheep/
,__connotation_,(stylisticandaffective),and__application_.
:isconcernedwithsemanticopposition.
Contraries(相对反义词/两极反义词)Complementaries(绝对反义词/互补反义词)Conversives(换位反义词/关系反义词)Semanticincompatibles(多项不相容词)
Exercises:Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse:
1)Wordwhichhaveoppositemeaningsarecalledantonyms(T).
2)Contradictorytermsdon’tshowdegree.(T).
3)Relativestermsarerelationalopposites,
4)Contrarytermsarenon-gradableandallowintermediatedmembersinbetween.(F)
5)Ifawordhassynonyms,naturallyitha