[词汇学]Back-formation.ppt

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Back-formation
Definition
Back-formation is an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from an already existing longer word in the vocabulary.
Back-formation & Clipping
Both are the process of shortening in form, because they create shortened words from longer words.
Clipping does not change the word-class and meaning of the original word, while back-formation does.
Classification
A. Verbs back-formed from nouns ending in –er , -ar , -or, -sion , -tion, etc.
automate ← automation
edit ← editor
televise ← television
appreciate ← appreciation
negate(否定; 否认)← negation
butch(屠宰)← butcher
destruct ← destruction
audit(审计)← auditor(审计员)
spring-clean(大扫除)←spring-cleaning
proofread(校对)←proofreader(校对者)
B. Verbs back-formed from nouns in other forms
diagnose ← diagnosis
enthuse ← enthusiasm
C. Verbs back-formed from adjective.
laze← lazy
drowse (打瞌睡)←drowsy(昏昏欲睡的)
D. There are a few nouns back-formed form adjectives.
gloom ← gloomy
greed ←greedy
E. Many new back-formation e pounds:
house-keep ←housekeeper
sight-see ←sight-seeing
daydream ← daydreamer
Some back-formations in e from w