Chivalry and Gender Stereotypes
Last wireless message transmitted by the Titanic: “Have cleared boats and filled them with women and children”
Reactions in the newspapers mixed
Praising the heroism of the men…
…and criticizing feminism
Quote from editorial: “It was not a question of ‘Voters first,’ but the cry all over the ship was Women first!’ In acquiescing to that cry the women admitted that they were not fitted for men’s tasks”
Reactions reflect opposing beliefs about chivalry…
Chivalry
A norm advocating that men protect and provide for women.
Debate over chivalry:
Those in favor...
Gesture of respect
Acknowledgement of feminine “virtue”
Those opposed...
Woman’s role in chivalry: passive recipient
Undermines women’s independence
Or maybe they’re both right…
Chivalry
Stereotypes about Women
“Positive”: Women are superior to men in
VIRTUE
Negative: Women are inferior to men in
AGENCY
Hypothesis #1
Individuals who endorse chivalry also believe that women are more virtuous and less agentic than men are.
Co-occurrence of belief
Direction of causality unknown
Chivalry is not only consistent with belief in women’s relative virtue and lack of agency, but the three beliefs tend to be found together.
Study 1: Questionnaire
410 Participants
Questionnaire assessed two issues
Chivalry
Sex stereotypes
Virtue
Agency
Chivalry Scale
10 items, = .87 (N = 571)
Sample items:
“A man has an obligation to protect a woman who is in danger.”
“A man should give up his seat to a woman if the bus is crowded.”
“When a man and a woman are together, the man should always offer to pay the check.”
Sex Differences in Virtue
11 items, = .78 (N = 407)
Subscales
Moral Virtue (5 items, = .64)
“Women have a finer moral sense than men do.”
Sexual Virtue (6 items, = .67)
“Women aren’t as interested in sex as men are.”
Sex Differences in Agency
12 items, = .90 (N = 410)
“Women should be more submissive than men.”
“Men understand plexities of the political world better than w
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