词汇学2.pptx

The Development of English
Major language families
Indo-European languages 46% (Europe, Southwest to South Asia, North Asia, North America, South America, Oceania, South Africa)
Sino-Tibetan languages 21% (East Asia)
Niger–Congo languages % (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Afroasiatic languages % (North Africa to Horn of Africa, Southwest Asia)
Austronesian languages % (Oceania, Madagascar, maritime Southeast Asia)
Dravidian languages % (South Asia)
Altaic languages (bination of Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic families) % (Central Asia, Northern Asia, Anatolia, Siberia)
Japonic languages (sometimes included in an expanded Altaic proposal) % (Japan)
Austro-Asiatic languages % (mainland Southeast Asia)
Tai–Kadai languages % (Southeast Asia)
Number of Languages
It is difficult to give an exact figure of the number of languages that exist in the world, because it is not always easy to define what a language is. The difference between a language and a dialect is not always clear-cut. It has nothing to do with similarity of vocabulary, grammar, or pronunciation. Sometimes, the distinctions are based purely on geographical, political, or religious reasons. It is usually estimated that the number of languages in the world varies between 3,000 and 8,000.
Three Phases of the Historical Development
Celts(600 BC - 50 AD) and Romans (43-410 AD)
What we do know is that the people we call Celts gradually infiltrated Britain over the course of the centuries between about 500 and 100 . There was probably never anized Celtic invasion; for one thing the Celts were so fragmented and given to fighting among themselves that the idea of a concerted invasion would have been ludicrous. 
The Celts were a group of peoples loosely tied by similar language, religion, and cultural expression. They were not centrally governed, and quite as happy to fight each other as any non-Celt. They were warriors, living for the glories of battle and plunder. They were also the people who