该【toward a social-ecological theory of forest macrosystems for improved ecosystem management william kleindl论文 】是由【小舍儿】上传分享，文档一共【23】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【toward a social-ecological theory of forest macrosystems for improved ecosystem management william kleindl论文 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。:..ArticleTowardaSocial-,*,,,,,,GregoryStarr6ID,,7ID1DepartmentofLandResourcesandEnvironmentalSciences,MontanaStateUniversity,334LeonJohnsonHall,Bozeman,MT59717,USA;paul.******@(.);******@(.)2DepartmentofGeography,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FL32611,USA;******@u?.edu3DepartmentofAtmosphericandOceanSciences,UniversityofWisconsin,1225WDaytonSt,Madison,WI53706,USA;******@,BostonUniversity,monwealthAveRm130,Boston,MA02215,USA;******@,ColoradoStateUniversity,1472CampusDelivery,FortCollins,CO80523,USA;courtney.******@,UniversityofAlabama,POBox870344,Tuscaloosa,AL35487,USA;******@(.);******@(.),2327UniversityAve.,,Bozeman,MT59715,USA*Correspondence:william.******@;Tel.:+1-406-599-7721Received:6March2018;Accepted:2April2018;Published:11April2018Abstract:Theimplicationsofcumulativeland-usedecisionsandshiftingclimateonforests,requireustointegrateourunderstandingofecosystems,markets,policy,andresourcemanagementintoasocial-,,,weusetwoforestmacroscalemanagementinitiativestodevelopatheoreticalunderstandingofhowmanagementinteractswithecologicalfunctionsandservicesatthesescalesandhowthemultiplelarge-scalemanagementgoalsworkeitherinconsortorcon?,ecosystemecology,andecologicaleconomicsaddstoourunderstandingofsocial-,weproposefutureresearchquestionstoaddrigortomacrosystem-scalestudies:(1)Whataretheecosystemfunctionsthatoperateatmacroscales,ponents,andhowdoweobservethem?(2)Howdosystemsatonescalerespondifalteredatanotherscale?(3)ponentsandinteractions,municatethatinformationinameaningfulmannerforpolicyandmanagementacrossdifferentscales?Keywords:macrosystem;macroscale;forest;management;ecosystemfunction;ecosystemservice;cross-scale;trade-off;governance;social--,works,andEarthsystemmodels[1]haveenabledustoobservethecoupledeffectsoflandmanagementandclimatechange[2,3]thatareperturbingcurrentdisturbanceregimes,resultinginchangesinphenology,alteredspeciesForests2018,9,200;doi::..Forests2018,9,2002of23distributions,speciesextinctions,andecologicalsimpli?cation[4–6].Asourawarenessoflarge-scaleenvironmentalproblemsincreases,sodoesourconcernabouthowtomanagetheenvironmentatthemultiplescalesatwhichtheyareimpacted[7].Forexample,wehavedevelopedgreatexpertisetoplanandmanageforestsstrategicallyatlocaltoregionalscales–ontheorderofmeterstohundredsofkilometers–inanattempttosustainasuiteofecosystemprocessesnecessarytobalancethemultipleecologicalservicestheyprovide[8–11].However,aswebegintoconsiderhowcumulativeplanningandmanagementactionsaffectforestsatregionaltocontinentalscales,ontheorderofhundredstothousandsofkilometers,itisunclearifexistingtheorywilltranslatetoeffectivemanagementatthesebroaderscales[12–14].Planningandmanagementapproaches(whichwewillsimplycall“management”)atecosystemandlandscapescalesattempttoreconcilemultijurisdictionalandmultipleobjectivechallengesthroughaparticipatoryprocessamongscience,policy,resourcemanagers,andthepublic,.,[15–18].anizationswithintheUnitedStateswithjurisdictionsatlargescalesstillprimarilysetobjectives,implementspeci?cmanagement,andassesstheresultsofactionsatthelocal?eldof?ce(BLM),nationalforest(USFS),park(NPS),inlightofecosystemresponsestoglobalchanges,wearenowawarethatlargerscale(.,“macroscale”)forestmanagementmaybenecessaryforeffectivemanagementoftheoverallEarthsystem[13,19].FollowingHeffernanandothers[13],wede?neforestmacrosystemsasregionaltocontinentalareasmadeupofbiotic,abiotic,?eldinecologyandEarthsystemscience,,andaresubjecttocumulativemanagementdecisionsthatarecoupledwithotherlarge--,.,[20–22],ourunderstandingofmacroecologicalecosystemstructureandfunctionisstillatanearlystage,ponentsoperateinthecontextofthesocial-passthem[13].Ongoingandoftenslowprogressinsocial-ecologicalunderstandingre?ectsalong,iterative,andsometimescontentiousrelationshipbetween:(1)ecologicaltheory,whichhelpsinunderstandingthestructureandfunctionofecosystems;(2)publicopinionandgovernanceinstitutions,whichdetermineswhichecologicalgoodsandservicesarevaluedandhowtheyaremanaged;and(3)resourcemanagement,whichattemptstomaintainecosystemsandtheirbene?ts[23–25].Throughtheserelationships,wede?nemanagementgoalsatthestandandlandscapescales(.,)[26,27],andcreatestrategiestomanageadaptivelyforemergingandnovelecosystemcharacteristicsunderglobalchange[26,28].Wearguethattofacilitatethede?nitionofmanagementgoalsatmacroscales,theecologicalponents:(1)ecologicalassessmenttoolsthat,throughaneasily-understoodinterpretationofecologicaldata,canbeusedtointegratescienceintodecisioneffortsinwaysthatfacilitatemanagementandpublicsupport[23,29];(2)effectivetheoriesformacroecologicalsystemsthatallowforthedevelopmentofproductiveabstractanalysisandhypothesistesting;and(3),empirical,andpracticalconstructsofasocial-ecologicalsystemasappliedtoforests,,weapplyecological:..Forests2018,9,2003of23theoriestoaddresshowthesemanagementschemesshapeforestprocessesatbroadscales,-EcologicalSystemsObservations,assessment,theory,andtheirintegrationwithmanagementandpolicycurrentlyexistatlocalscales(.,individualprojects;[30–32]),mesoscales(.,jurisdictionalorwatershedboundaries;[33,34]),andlandscapescales(.,multi-watershedtoregional;[35,36].Social-ecologicalsystems,proposedeitherconceptuallyorasameansofanalysis,havebeendevelopedacrossmanyofthesescales,.,[13,37–39].Thesocial-ecologicalsystemframeworkproposedhereintegratesecosystems,andthegoodsandservicestheyproduce,withmanagementandpolicyviathecruciallinkagethroughmonitoringandassessment(Figure1),andmustbeintegratedintoanytheoryofmacrosystembehaviorbecausetheyin?-ecologicalforest/-ecologicalsystems,andisnecessaryfordevelopingmacrosystemsecologicaltheory,-ecologicalsystemframeworkinFigure1representsitsecologicalelements,thecoreofwhichisthetheoreticalrelationshipbetweenecologicalstructureandfunction[40].Asourunderstandingofecosystemsdeveloped,.,[40–43],structuralattributesbecamede?nedmunity(.,position,distribution,biomass),andthequantityanddistributionofabioticmaterials(.,nutrients,water,substrate).Thesestructuralattributesinteracttosupportavarietyofecosystemfunctionslikethe:..Forests2018,9,2004of23ratesofenergy?owandnutrientcycling,andtheproductionofadditionalstructuresensu[40,43].LateintheTwentiethCentury,ecologistsbeganexaminingtheresilienceandstabilityofsystemsacrossscalesthroughthedisturbance/recovery?uctuationsdrivenbynaturaldisturbancedynamics[44–48].Thedynamicinteractionbetweenstructureanddisturbanceregimesresultsineitherasinkorsourceofproducts(.,energy,nutrients,oradditionalstructure),,liketheexchangeofcarbonfromterrestrialtoaquaticsystems[49,50],orindirectlyviateleconnections,likethein?uenceofAmazoniandeforestationonglobalclimate[51–53].Thesesinkandsourceproducts,necessarytomaintainecosystems,arerecognizedintheMillenniumEcosystemAssessmentclassi?cationofecosystemservices[54]?tsthatecosystemsprovidetosupporthumanwell-being[54].However,subsequentliteraturepostulatedthat,althoughsupportingservicesproducenaturalcapital,theydonotdirectlysupporthumanwell-beingandarethereforeconsidered‘intermediateservices’thatarefundamentallynecessaryfor?nalprovisioning,regulating,andculturalservices,toexist[55–57].,thenecological-basedgoodsandbene?tsareproducedthatmakeprovisioning,regulating,andculturalservices[54,58,59].Ecologicalservicesareessentialforeconomicprosperity[60]andtheirmaintenanceiscentraltopolicyandmanagementdirectives(seeFigure1).Inmanyways,urwhendisturbancesexceedtheadaptiverangeofecosystems[46,61,62]throughrulesandregulationsthatlimitormitigatedisturbancesthatareconsidereddamaging[63].Someresource-basedforestmanagementapproachesuseperturbations(.,timberharvest)andrecovery(.,replanting)inanattempttomimicthesenaturaldisturbance[8,9,64],?owofgoodsandbene?tsfromecosystemservices[65].Throughouremergingabilitytoobserveforestsatlargescales,contemporaryliteratureinforestountsofthealterationofforestedecosystemsresultingfromanthropogenicdrivers,.,[66–68],anddirepredictionsoffutureconsequences,.,[69–71].Thepublichasunderstandablyresponded[72,73],leadingtonewsocial-ecologicalmanagementgoalsandinformedstrategiestoadaptivelymanageforests–includingemergingnovelecosystems–inaneraofglobalchange[26–28].Thesenewgoalsopenanopportunitytodevelopassessmentapproachestodetermineifforestscancontinuetoprovidethequalityandquantityofecosystemservicesnecessarytomeetthepublic’,ecologicalmanagementandpolicy,andthequalityandquantityofservicesthesystemproduces(Figure1).plexityofecologicaldatatoaidpolicyandmanagementdecisions[23,25].Tofacilitatethisprocess,multipleponentsofecologicalstructurerecovertoward(ordivergefrom)astaterelativelyfreeoftheeffectsofhumanactivities[23,74–76].Ideally,theseassessmentsmeasurethesystem’sabilitytosustainablysupporttheproductionofdesiredecologicalgoodsandservicesandeconomicbene?ts[54,58].Ecologicalassessmentapproachesarenearlyasoldasthescienceofecology[77],andweredevelopedinparallelwith?andbenefitedfrom?thefoundationaldevelopmentswithinthefield[7,78,79].Fromitsadventnearlytwocenturiesago(Box1),ecologicalassessmenthasbeenusedtobridgethegapbetweenecologicalfunctionandsocietalrespon
toward a social-ecological theory of forest macrosystems for improved ecosystem management william kleindl论文 来自淘豆网m.daumloan.com转载请标明出处.
