该【the color of melt ponds on arctic sea ice peng lu资料 】是由【小舍儿】上传分享，文档一共【15】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【the color of melt ponds on arctic sea ice peng lu资料 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。:..TheCryosphere,12,1331–1345,2018https:///-12-1331-2018?Author(s),MattiLepp?ranta2,BinCheng3,ZhijunLi1,LarysaIstomina4,Heygster41StateKeyLaboratoryofCoastalandOffshoreEngineering,DalianUniversityofTechnology,Dalian,116024,China2InstituteofAtmosphericandEarthSciences,UniversityofHelsinki,Helsinki,00014,Finland3FinnishMeteorologicalInstitute,Helsinki,00101,Finland4InstituteofEnvironmentalPhysics,UniversityofBremen,Bremen,28359,GermanyCorrespondence:PengLu(******@dlut.)Received:23June2017–Discussionstarted:8August2017Revised:21March2018–Accepted:24March2018–Published:,whichcreatesthevisualappearance1IntroductionofmeltpondsonArcticseaiceinsummer,isquantitativelyinvestigatedusingatwo--surfaceisdeterminedandthenitsspectrumistransformedticsea-%B(red,green,blue)colorspaceusingacolorimet-oftheicesurface(Websteretal.,2015)(snow)(pond)(PerovichandPo-suchaswaterandicepropertiesandincidentsolarradiationlashenski,2012).-albedofeedbackmechanism,whichenhancesthemelt-icethicknessHienhancesboththegreenandblueintensi-ingofice,altersthephysicalandopticalpropertiesofseatiesofpondcolor,whereastheredintensityismostlysen-ice,andevenaffectsthesaltandheatbudgetoftheoceansitivetoHiforthinice(Hi<)andtoponddepthHpsurfacelayer(Landyetal.,2015).Asaresult,meltpondsforthickice(Hi>),similartothebehaviorofmelt-playanimportantroleinthedramaticdecayofcurrentArc--icecover(oetal.,2012).F0withwavelengthaffectsthepondcolorratherthanitsin-:morphologicalobservations,opticalmeasure-bluewithincreasingscatteringinice,andthein?-?eldobservationsforofmeltpondsusing?eldobservationsandremotesensingArcticseaiceinsummer,whichsupportsthevalidityofthis(.,Huangetal.,2016).Themelt-ponddistributiondeter-,thepondcolorhasbeencon?rmedminedbyaerialphotographywaslinkedtotheareallyaver-tocontaininformationaboutmeltwaterandunderlyingice,agedsurfacealbedo(Perovichetal.,2002b)andanobvious-(Hi<1m)agreebetterwithparingimage-deriveddatawithhistoricalobservations(Lu?eldmeasurementsthanretrievalsforthickice,butthoseofetal.,2010).Adistinctvariationtrendinmelt-pondfrac--tions(MPF)indifferentregionsoftheArcticOceanhasbeentialmethodtoobtainthinicethicknessinsummer,althoughfound(Istominaetal.,2015)usingMPFretrievalsfromsatel-morevalidationdataandimprovementstotheradiativetrans-liteopticaldata(R?seletal.,2012;Zegeetal.,2015).Satel--concentrationArcticseaice(Tanakaetal.,2016),.:...:ThecolorofmeltpondsonArcticseaicethatenablemelt-pondformation(Polashenskietal.,2012),andanewlyfoundpercolationblockageprocesswasidenti-?edtoberesponsibleforinitialmeltwaterretentiononhighlyporous?rst-yearice(FYI)(Polashenskietal.,2017).Opticalmeasurementsfocusmainlyonthepartitionofso-larradiationinmeltingseaice(.,NicolausandKatlein,2013).Themelt-pondalbedohasbeenfoundtovarywiththemeltstageofArcticseaiceandtheseasonalevolutionoficealbedocanbecategorizedintosevenphases:coldsnow,melt-ingsnow,pondformation,ponddrainage,pondevolution,openwaterandfreeze-up(PerovichandPolashenski,2012).ThetransmittancethroughFYIwasalmostthreetimeslargerthanthroughmulti-yearice(MYI)accordingtomeasure--pondcoverageofFYIcomparedtoMYI(Nicolausetal.,2012).Icethickness,scat-teringinice,andmelt-ponddistributionwerefoundtobepri-,althoughtheirimpactsweredifferentonsmallandExpeditionsinsummer2016,clearlyillustratingthelargevariabil-largescales(Lightetal.,2015;al.,2015).ityofpondcolorevenonthesameice?,numericalsimulationshavebeenusedtoinves-(.,Tsamadosetal.,2015).Athree-,(Istominaetal.,2016).whereasinitialicetopographystronglycontrolspondsizeThemotivationofthisstudyistoelaborateonthisideaandandfractionthroughoutthemeltseason(ScottandFeltham,understandwhythecolorofmeltpondscanchangeandthe2010).Therefreezingprocessofmeltpondswasalsomod-micro-,andtheresultsrevealedthaticegrowthwouldbeover-Effortsarealsomadeto?ndwaystoeffectivelyusethein-estimatedby26%iftheimpactofrefrozenpondswasex-,informationcluded(oetal.,2015).Newparameterizationsformeltaboutsea-icethicknessbelowthemeltpond,ponddepth,andpondshavealsobeenembeddedintoclimatemodelstoeval--Toachievetheseobjectives,aradiativetransfermodelticseaice(.,Hollandetal.,2012).Theimprovedmodels(RTM)initiallydevelopedtoparameterizemelt-pondalbedoproducedresultsthatagreedmorecloselywithobservations(Luetal.,2016,hereafterLU16)--effectofmeltponds(oetal.,2012;Hunkeetal.,2013).gatesthein?uencesofvariousfactors,includingponddepth,Thisstudyfocusesonthecolorevolutionofmeltpondsicethickness,incidentsolarradiation,andinherentopticalonArcticseaice,aperspectiveonmeltpondsthathasseenproperties(IOPs),onmelt-(Perovichetal.,2002a;Lightetal.,modeluncertaintyandretrievalsfrompondcolor,;Istominaetal.,2016).-pondappearancesevenonthesameice?,largelydependingontheageofthepondandtheprop-2Methodsertiesoftheunderlyingice,whichcanbeeasilyexaminedduring?-pondcolorwereperformedinthecentralArcticin2012(Istominaetal.,2016).BeyondspectralalbedoofseaThecolorofameltpondistheresponseofhumaneyestoiceandmeltpondsmeasuredwiththeportableradiometertheupwellingirradiancefromthesurface,whichconsistsofASDFieldSpecPro3(Istominaetal.,2013,2017),aphoto-there?ectedsolarradiationfromthepondsurfaceandthegraphwastakenateachalbedomeasurementsite,,?elddatashowaclearconnectionbetweentheupwellingradiationcanbedetermined,,12,1331–1345,/12/1331/2018/:...:ThecolorofmeltpondsonArcticseaice1333Forthetwo-prisingofmeltpondandun-?nedasthereferenceilluminantforthederlyingice,radiationtransferissimpli?edastwostreams,re?(Y/–?rst-orderdifferentialequationsundertheTheCIEXYZcolorspacecandescribeallcolorsvisibleassumptionsofdiffuseincidentsolarradiationandisotropictohumans,putergraph-scattering(oetal.,2015).Assumingcontinuityofra-?uxesatair-pond,pond-iceandice-oceaninterfaces,Therefore,thevaluesintheXYZspaceareconvertedintoantheirradianceinbothdirectionsineachlayercanbecalcu-RGBspace,whichspeci?esintensityvaluesforred,green,latedaswellasthemelt-pondalbedo (–).bedonebyalineartransformationas:"#"#"#1"#;(3)bZZrZgZbZAlongthewholesolarspectrum,onlytheportioninthevisibleband,thewavelengthsbetweenD380nmandwherer,gandbaretheintensitiesofred,greenandblue1D780nm,-2colorofanoutgoingspectrumfromthepondsurface,mationmatrixconsistingofthecoordinatesofthethreepri-F./D F./whereF./istheincidentsolarirradi-00ance,,theCIEchromaticitydiagramThe?rstisamathematicalmethodde?ningthecolorasmustbeintroduced(),whichdescribesacolorinthemeanwavelengthofthespectraldistributionoflight:atwo-dimensionalchromaticitycoordinatesystem(x,y/1arethusscaledasfollows:2Fa./dNDR;(1)?1F./d?/2ayDY.XCYCZ/:(4)N?representsthe“meancolor”,ND475nmdenotesabluecolor,,zD1xy,-hethefactthathumaneyeswithnormalvisionhavethreegivencolor(Hunt,2004).ForagivenRGBspace,thechro-kindsofconecells,whichsenselightwithspectralsensi-maticitycoordinatesarealwaysgivenastheprimarycolorstivitypeaksatlong(560–580nm),middle(530–540nm)and(xr,yr/,(xg,yg/,(xb,yb/andthewhitepoint(xw,yw/.short(420–440nm)-AccordingtoEq.(4),thetransformationmatrixMcanbesiononIllumination(CIE,1986)de?nesthreecolormatch-expandedasfollows:ingfunctions,xN./,yN./andzN./asnumericaldescription"#XrXgXbofthechromaticresponseofastandardobservertoaninci-MDYrYgYbDdentspectrum().Notethatthepeaksofcolormatch-"#.XrCYrCZr/xrXgCYgCZg,anditisbecausemodi?/ybthemathematicaldif?cultyasrepresentingthecolorbyneg-.XrCYrCZr/(Hunt,2004).ThetristimulusvaluesintheXYZcolor"#xrxgxbXrCYrCZr00spaceforare?ectivesurfacearegivenbythefollowingequa-Dyrygyb0XgCYgCZg0tion:zrzgzb00XbCYbCZb?Z1DAS;(5)????1????XD F0./Nx./d????N????Z1????1unknowndiagonalmatrixS,thede?nitionofthewhiteYD F0./Ny./dNZ2;(2)????11?????;a????ZD F0./Nz./d????Nordingto????R1NDF0./Ny./dEq.(2),thatis,.(3)2givesthefollowingresult:whereYisameasureoftheperceivedluminosityofthelightandtheX-ponentsgivethechromaticityofthe/12/1331/2018/TheCryosphere,12,1331–1345,2018:..(b)G(x,y)gg2R(x,y)(a)rrW(x,y)?`?``z?.:(x,y)(nm)Figure2.(a)TheCIEcolormatchingfunctionsxN./,yN./andzN./and(b)(ormonochromatic)lo
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