regional-based mitigation to reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions nathan p. snow文献.pdf

该【regional-based mitigation to reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions nathan p. snow文献 】是由【小舍儿】上传分享，文档一共【10】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【regional-based mitigation to reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions nathan p. snow文献 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。TheJournalofWildlifeManagement;DOI:-BasedMitigationtoReduceWildlife–,1,2DepartmentofFisheriesandWildlife,MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansing,MI48823,USAZHENZHANG,3DepartmentofStatisticsandProbability,MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansing,MI48823,,DepartmentsofForestryandGeography,MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansing,MI48823,,4MichiganDepartmentofNaturalResources,Lansing,MI48909,,DepartmentofFisheriesandWildlife,MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansing,MI48823,,DepartmentofFisheriesandWildlife,MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansing,MI48823,,DepartmentofFisheriesandWildlife,MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansing,MI48823,,,?uencesonwhite-taileddeer(Odocoileusvirginianus)–vehiclecollisions(DVCs)throughouttheMidwestUnitedStatesfromtraf?c,abundanceofdeer,positionandcon?gurationofthelandscapeduring2000–-zonesrepresentinglandscapedominatedbyshelter-foragehabitatswithubiquitousandabundantdistributionofdeer(.,forest-agriculturematrix),landscapedominatedbyagriculturewithsparserefugia(.,agriculture),andlandscapedominatedbyforestswithseasonalmigrationfordeer(.,northernforest).Wefoundlittle?-agriculturematrixeco-zone,-zone,traf?-zone,?,,avarietyofseasonalandlocalmitigationmeasureswillbemosteffectiveinnorthernforestswherelargeungulatesmigrate.ó,collisionrisk,dynamicprocess,Odocoileusvirginianus,roadecology,spatiotemporalmodel,white-(Sullivan2011).Numerousungulatesarekilled,(Odocoileusspp.),moose(Alcesalces),andelk(Cervuswithanestimated92%mortalityratefollowingcollisionscanadensis)arewidespreadandincreasinglypervasive(ullough1976).Additionally,wildlife–human–priseoneofthelargestsourcesofandEurope(BruinderinkandHazebroek1996,Seiler2004,economiclosscausedbywildlife,averaging$6,717(USD)/,Conover2010).Since1990,humancollisionand$8billion/yearinpropertydamage(Huijserfatalitiesfromthesecollisions(mostlydeer)).Moststrategiesformitigatingvehicularcollisionsfocusonreducingcollisionsatlocalizedhotspots().Received:4August2017;Accepted:25November2017Thesestrategiesincludelocalizedwildlifefencing,under-passesandoverpasses,animaldetectionsystems,vegetation1E-mail:.******@,wildlifehuntingorculling,anddynamicor2Currentaf?liation:USDA/APHIS/WildlifeServices,,4101LaPorteAve.,FortCollins,COeffectivenessforreducingcollisionsathotspots,rangingfrom80521,USA3Currentaf?liation:DepartmentofStatistics,UniversityofChicago,0–100%effective().DespitedecentChicago,IL60637,USAeffectivenessinsomeareas,theregionaloddsformotorists4Currentaf?liation:RuffedGrouseSociety,Coraopolis,PA15108,USAbeinginvolvedincollisionswithungulateshaveremainedSnowetal.RegionalMitigationofWildlife–VehicleCollisions11high(.,fordeer:StateFarmhttps://.com/about-us/newsroom/2015/09/14/deer-collision-data).Recentstudieshavelinkedregionalfeaturesofthelandscape(.,landscapeconnectivity)towildlife–vehiclecollision(WVC)locations(,),-ture,missioningsomeroads,arebeingsuggestedtoimprovehabitatqualityforungulates(D’),,predictivemodelshavesuggestedthatmitiga-tionmeasuresshouldbeappliedacrosslargegeographicspacestoreduceWVCsthroughouttheworld(,,),butthesemeasuresmayberegional-speci?-taileddeer(;,space-timein?uencesofdeer)exemplifythepervasiveproblemofwidespreadWVCswhite-taileddeer–vehiclecollisionsatthecountylevelthroughouttheMidwest,USA,2000–(Conover2010).Anestimated>1milliondeer–vehiclecollisions(DVCs)occureachyearthroughouttheUnitedStates(-zonesthroughouttheMidwest1995)andarerising().TheMidwestUnitedStates(.,forest-agriculturematrix,agriculture,andregionoftheUnitedStatesexperiencesthehighestratesofnorthernforest).Speci?cally,weexaminedchangesintheDVCs,andthereforesomestatesmanageforpubliclyregionalfactorsin?,-managementobjectivein2008tokeeptherateofcouldberegion-speci?c,providingbroaderguidanceforDVCsat207DVCs/billionkilometerstraveled(Univer-reducingcollisionswithlargeungulatesatlargespatiotem-sityofIllinoisExtension2013),,STUDYAREAabundanceofdeer,andanthropogenicfactorsareassociated2Thestudyarea(584,493km)prisedof355countieswithwidespreadextentsofDVCs,andtheseassociationsfromIllinois,Iowa,Michigan,andWisconsin,USA().,increasedabundancesofdeerTheareawasgenerallyclassi?edasahumidcontinentalhaveresultedfromchangesinlandscapestructureandclimatewithcoldwintersandwarmtohot,wetsummerswildlifemanagementduringthepastseveraldecades(),andtopographythatwasgentlyrolling(Coulson1999),,to?atwithelevationrangingfrom85–,centralizedcities(.,suburbanization;,primarilydominatedbyagriculture,forests,orboth(Table1).,Baum-Snow2007).ThesepartiallyThemostubiquitousandabundantungulateinthisregiondeveloped,suburbanenvironmentsmaintainhighabundan-waswhite-taileddeer(KaysandWilson2009).Overall,thiscesofdeerbyprovidingfood,shelter,andrefugefromregionincludedapproximately981,765kmofroadsforanhunting(,).,agriculturalactivitiesthroughouttheMidwestcontinuetomaintainhighdensitiesofdeer(RoseberryandWoolf1998)especiallywhencoupledwithinterconnectedpatchesofforests().?edland-coverandland-usetypesfor3eco-zonesintheMidwestUnitedStatesfromthe2001and2006NationalLandofsuburbanization(),agriculture,()arealllikelytoin?uenceDVCsacrossregionalProportionsoflanduseandlandcoverbyyearscales;therefore,abroaderunderstandingofthesefactorsisNorthernForest-??Doenvironmentalpredictorsin???uencesonDVCsusing2TheJournalofWildlifeManagement9999()Wedividedtheregioninto3eco-zones:forest-,agriculture,(Bailey1983,1995).Theforest-agriculturematrixeco-urred,orthewaswithintheeasternbroadleafforest(continental)(Quercusspp.)–hickory(Carya(Appendix1),buttheaverageamountofdamagefromspp.)standswithmaples(Acerspp.)andAmericanbeechDVCsexceededtheminimumamountsrequiredfortrees(Fagusgrandifolia),andcorn,soybean,wheat,andreportinginallcases().-piledrecordsofantleredandantlerlessdeertheprairieparkland(temperate),soybean,andlivestockplacedonthenumberofindividualsallowedtopurchaseproduction,andintermixedpatchesofnativegrasslandssuchlicensestohuntantlereddeer,whichthemajorityofhuntersasbigbluestem(Andropogongerardii),littlebluestem((FawleyandRudolph2014).Therefore,inscoparius),switchgrass(Panicumvirgatum),andIndiangrasstheabsenceofconsistentlydevelopedannualdeerpopula-(Sorghastrumnutans).Thenorthernforesteco-zonewastionsatthecountylevel,(abundance).Antlerlessstandsofconifers,deciduoustrees,andmixedconifer-permitsweremoreregulatedwithintenttoremoveanumberdeciduoustrees,suchasbalsam?r(Abiesbalsamea),pinesoffemaledeertoachievedesiredeffectsonpopulation(Pinusspp.),blackspruce(Piceamariana),easternwhiteabundance().Therefore,weusedthecedar(identalis),maples,yellowbirch(Betulanumberofantlerlessdeerharvestedduringyeartà1asanalleghaniensis),,eacheco-zonewasduringyeart(antlerlesslag).piledshape?-agriculturematrixwaseachstatetoidentifypublicroadsusingArcGIS(;EnvironmentalSystemsResearchInstitute,Redlands,(,RoseberryandWoolf1998).TheCA,USA).WeusedNationalFunctionalClassi?,foraging,andedgehabitatsthatdeerpreferofroadsandroaddensityforeachcounty(km/km2)usingthe(WilliamsonandHirth1985),andthereforegenerateGeospatialModelingEnvironmentprogram(-,SpatialEcologyLLC).Weusedestimatesofannualwasdominatedbyasingletypeoflanduse,agriculture,vehiclekilometerstraveled(,thedistributionandmovementsofdeerarelargelytheintensityofmotoristsonroadwaysineachcountyduringre?ectiveofthesparselylocatedforests(,?c2toidentifyanynon-).Thenorthernforesteco-zonewaslineareffectsfromtraf?(traf?c?abundance)heinteractingrelation-?candtheabundanceofwinterdeeryards(Verme1973,),piledthe