studies on cellulose nanocrystals isolated from groundnut shells 2017 saleheen bano参考.pdf

该【studies on cellulose nanocrystals isolated from groundnut shells 2017 saleheen bano参考 】是由【小舍儿】上传分享，文档一共【26】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【studies on cellulose nanocrystals isolated from groundnut shells 2017 saleheen bano参考 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。:..AcceptedManuscriptTitle:StudiesonCelluloseNanocrystalsIsolatedfromGroundnutShellsAuthor:SaleheenBanoYuvrajSinghNegiPII:S0144-8617(16)31239-5DOI:http://dx./doi:.:CARP11689Toappearin:Receiveddate:9-8-2016Reviseddate:29-9-2016Accepteddate:22-10-2016Pleasecitethisarticleas:Bano,Saleheen.,&Negi,YuvrajSingh.,://dx./.,typesetting,andreviewoftheresultingproofbeforeitispublishedinits?,andalllegaldisclaimersthatapplytothejournalpertain.:..??StudiesonCelluloseNanocrystalsIsolatedfromGroundnutShellsSaleheenBanoaandYuvrajSinghNegia*aDepartmentofPolymerandProcessEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Roorkee,SaharanpurCampus,Saharanpur,India-247001*Correspondingauthor:Tel:0132-2714303,E-mail:******@Highlights?%.?C-GNSwas12wt%forgroundnutshells.?Length&C-GNSwere67-172&5-18nmwithaverageaspectratioof12.?Cswas?105g/mole,inLiCl/DMAcsystem,,,thepresentworkwasconductedforCs)fromgroundnutshellswhichareproducedannuallyaswasteinlargequantity(?7milliontons).Thestructural,thermal,morphological&(Mw)&radiusofradius(Rg).ThehighMw?105g/Csinlithiumchloride(LiCl)/N,N-dimethylacetamide(DMAc)system,&:Groundnutshells,Cellulosenanocrystals,??:..??:Inrecentyears,,,renewable,non-toxic,easilyprocessableandbiodegradablealongwithexcellentmechanicalpropertiestheyaregraduallyreplacingthetraditionalmineralfillers(Reddy&Yang,2009).Amongnaturalfibres,,,,thesenanocrystallinecelluloseparticlesaretermedinnumberofwaysincludingcellulosenanocrystals(CNCs)andwhiskers(Fan&Li,2012;Habibi&Dufresne,2008).Now-a-eappleofeyefortheresearchersandscientistsintheworldofmaterialscienceduetotheirhighaspectratio,highsurfacearea,excellentmodulusandtensilestrengthwhichwerereportedtobe150&10GParespectively(Sturcova,Davies&Eichhorn,2005).Besidestheseproperties,theirexcellentchemicalstability,patibility,renewability,non-toxicity,largeabundanceofeconomicsources,lowgaspermeabilityandhavingsurfacesforthefunctionality,makethemagreattreasureforvarietyofapplicationsposites,packaging,lithiumionbatteries,drugdelivery,tissueengineering,protectivecoatings,etc.(Moon,Martini,Nairn,Simonsen,&Youngblood,2011).Csasreinforcementiseffectedbytheirstructuralpropertieswhichmainlydependonhydrolysisconditionandthesourceofcelluloseusedfortheirextraction(o,Silverio,Dantas,&Pasquini,2013).Researchhasbeengrowingrapidlyontheuseofagriculturalwastes,asmoreeconomic,abundantandeasilyavailablecellulosicsource,-??:..??Groundnut(Arachishypogea)-(Raju&Kumarappa,2011).%cellulose(Raveendran,Ganesh,&Khilar,1995),(SLS)studieshavebeenmadeinnumberofwaysonthesolutionbehaviourofcellulosesamplesincludingmolecularweightdetermination,withLiCl/-derivatising&non-degradingsolvent,LiCl/DMAchaspotentialapplicationsincellulosechemistryrangingfromanalyticalstudiestothepreparationofanicsynthesis(Dupont&Harrison,2004).Theformationofsuperorsupramolecularstructuressuchassmallerandlargeraggregateshavebeenreportedinseveralstudies(Potthast,Rosenau,Buchner,&R?der,2002;Sjoholm,Gustafsson,Eriksson,Brown,&Colmsjo,2000)whichmightresponsibleforhighermolecularweightofdifferentcellulosesamplesinLiCl/DMAcsystem(R?der,Morgenstern,Schelosky,&Glatter,2001).CsinLiCl/,Csextractedfromwastegroundnutshells,throughdirectdissolutioninLiCl/::,sodiumhydroxideandglacialaceticacidwerepurchasedfromHiMedia,(98%)andN,N-dimethylacetamide(DMAc)wereobtainedfromMerck,(LiCl)wasprocuredfromSRL,??:..??::Beforechemicaltreatmenttheobtainedgroundnutshells(GNS)&cleanedshellsthencemilledinalaboratorymillandweresievedover40-(Kumar,Negi,Choudhary,&Bhardwaj,2014;Rhim,Reddy,&Luo,2015).Thedriedandpowderedshellswereputundersoxhletextractionfor8husingbenzene:methanol(2:1ratio),bytreatingat70?%(w/v)sodiumchloritesolutionhavingpH3-4adjustedby5%,thisprocessofbleachingwasrepeatedfor5-?,?(CPC-GNS).ThepercentageyieldofCPC-GNSwasdeterminedgravimetricallyandfoundtobe43%.:Thecellulosenanocrystalswereisolatedfromtheextractedcellulosebyacidhydrolysismethodasfollows:Forhydrolysisprocess,acertainamountofcellulosewastreatedwith65wt%sulphuricacid(havingcellulosetoacidratio1:20)for75minat45???:..??-C-GNS),thesuspensionwasfirstfrozenat-40?%withrespecttostartingmaterialwasdeterminedbygravimetricC–%-C-::Thecontentsoflignin,holocellulose(cellulose+hemicellulose)and?-cellulosepresentinGNSandCPC-GNSwerecalculatedfollowingTechnicalassociationofPulpandpaperIndustry(TAPPI)standards:T222om-88,T19m-54andT203OS-?-(FTIR)spectroscopy:-1over4000-400cm-,thintransparentpelletswerepreparedbygrindingandmixingthedriedsampleswithKBrin1:100(w/w)-AngleX-raydiffraction(WAXD):5??:..??TheXRDpatternwerecollectedover2?=5-60?atscanrateof4?/min,forevaluationofcrystallinephasesofsamples,byusingRIGAKUULTIMAIVXraydiffractometeroperatingat40kV&30mAequippedwithNickelfilteredCuK?radiationsource(?=?).Thecrystallinitypercentagewascalculatedbyamorphoussubtractionmethodusingfollowingequation:XC=(AC/AC+Am)?100WhereXCispercentagecrystallinity,’sequation:Crystalthickness(t)=K?/?Cos?Where?isradiationwavelength(=?),,?and?arediffractionangleandfullwidthathalfmaximumofthepeakanglecorrespondingto(002)(TGA):?Cto600?Cat10?C/mininnitrogenatmospherewith60ml/(DSC):?C-500?Catheatingrateof10?C/minundernitrogenatmospherewithgasflowrateof60ml/(HSM):-GNSwasusedforthestudyandtheexaminationwasdonefrom30?C–400?Catheatingrateof10?C/??:..??:ThehydrodynamicsizeofthecellulosenanocrystalsweremeasuredusingZetaPALSBrookhaveninstrumentsatafixedscatteringangleof90?(%)??:C-GNSinaqueoussuspensionwasmeasuredusingZetaPALS,ZetaPotentialAnalyser,(Brookheaveninstruments),?(FE-SEM):ATESCANMIRA3FieldEmissionScanningElectronMicroscopewasusedtoanalyset