英语词汇学chapter7.ppt

Chapter 7
Association & Collocation
1. Association
Words association can be handled in terms of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between words.
Elements which can be substituted one for another in a given context are said to be in paradigmatic relationship; elements bine to from a larger unit are said to be in syntagmatic relationship. For example,
The cat is on the mat. Vs. The dog is on the mat. (cat Vs mat→ syntagmatic one; cat Vs dog → paradigmatic one)
1) Paradigmatic rules — four rules
A. The minimal-contrast rule
“Changing the sign of one feature beginning with bottommost feature.” For example,
man VS. woman: [+Noun], [+Human], [+Adult]
The minimal-contrast [+/-male]-----the stimulus man yields the response woman
long VS. short:
The minimal-contrast [+/-polar]
B. The feature-deletion and -addition rules
These are rules that either delete features from, or add features to, the end of the feature list. For example,
deletion or addition: fruit → apple
deletion:
v. kill → die [+/-causative](使役性)
look → see, listen → hear [+/-volitive] (意愿性)
C. The marking rule
First developed by the Prague School (Trubetzkoy, Jacobson and others) in the 1930s.
The marked term VS. the unmarked term
V. The past tense VS. the present tense
N. [+Plural] VS. [-Plural]
Adj. parative form VS. the positive form
(Dogs – dog, better- good)
D. The category-preservation rule
Stimuli tend to elicit paradigmatic responses. Features high on the list such as [+Noun] or [+Adjective] must not be altered, ——the category must be preserved. For example,

frighten (transitive verbs)+ object [+Animate]
2) syntagmatic rules
A. The selectional feature realization rule
The list of features for a word often contains selectional features that partially characterize the meaning of the potential context of that word. For example,
Young: (+ Det [+Animate] be young)
Det: a, the, this, his, their
B. The pletion rule
“Find an idiom of which the stimulus is a part and produce t