2025年英国文学史笔记上外.doc

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16
William Shakespeare
Victorian
Charles Dickens
William Makepeace Thackeray
George Eliot
17
John Donne
Thomas Hood
John Milton
Charlotte Bronte and
Emily Bronte
John Bunyan
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Robert Browning
Elizabeth Barrett Browning
18
Daniel Defoe
Henry Fielding
Jonathan Swift
Oliver Goldsmith
William Blake
Romantic
William Wordsworth
20
Thomas Hardy
Gorge Gordon, Lord Byron
John Galsworthy
Oscar Wilde
Percy Bysshe Shelly
George Bernard Shaw
John Keats
. Lawrence
Virginia Woolf
Walter Scott
James Joyce
The Sixteenth Century
Beginning of 16th century
Thomas More
Utopia. More gave a profound and truthful picture of the people’s suffering and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.
End the century
Francis Bacon
Scientist and philosopher
First half of 16th century
Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard
They initiated new poetical forms, borrowing freely from English popular songs and Italian and French poetry. Wyatt was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.
Second half of the 16th century
Philip Sidney, Thomas Campion and Edmund Spenser
Lyrical poem become widespread in England. Edmund was the author of the greatest epic poem of the time The Fairy Queen.
Court life and gallantry novel
John Lyly, Thomas Loge
Great popularity was won by John Lyly’s novel Ephesus which gave rise to the term “euphuism”, designating an affected style of court speech.
Realistic novel
Thomas Delaney, Thomas Nashe
Devoted to every day life of craftsman, merchants and other representatives of lower class
Drama
Christopher Marlowe
Reformed drama that genre in English and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. It was Marlowe who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.
William Shakespeare
The works of William Shakespeare are a great landmark in the history of world literature for he was one of the first founders of realism, a master hand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations.
Works
First period: Romeo and Juliet
Second Period:
Hamlet, Prince of Demark
Othello, the Moor of Venice
King Lear
The Tragedy of Macbeth
The Seventeenth Century
Puritan Age
Puritan attitude
They believed in simplicity of life, breaking up of old ideas, an age of confusion.
Puritan action
They disapproved of the sonnets and love poetry written in the previous period.
In 1642 the theatres were close
The bible become one book of the people
Literary Characteristics
Absence of fixed standard of literary criticism, exaggeration of “metaphysical” poets.
Poetry took new and startling forms in Donne and Herbert, and prose became as somber as Burrton’s Anatomy of Melancholy.
The spiritual gloom sooner or later fastens upon all the writers of this age. This so called gloomy age produced some minor poems of exquisites workmanship, and one of great master of verse whose work would glorify any age or people---John Milton, in whom the indomitable Puritan spirit finds its noblest expression.
Restoration Age
Literary Characteristics
Renounced old ideas and demanded that English poetry and dream should follow the style which they had become accustomed in the gaiety of Paris.
On the whole they were immoral and cynical.
French influence
Rimed couplets instead of blank verse, the unities, a more regular construction, and the presentation of tryes rather than individual
The comedies are coarse in language and their view of the relation between man and won is immoral and dishonest.
John Dryden
As a critic, poet and playwright was the most distinguished literary figure of the restoration age. The most popular genre was that of comedy whose chief aim as to entertain the licentious aristocrats.
John Donne
1. Poetry
Form
Part of his poetry is in such classical forms as satires, elegies, and epistles---though it style has anything but classical smoothness---and part is written in lyrical forms of extraordinary variety.
Characteristics
Most of it purports to deal with life, descriptive or experimentally, and the first thing to strike the reader is Donne’s extraordinary and penetrating realism.
The next is the cynicism which marks certain of the lighter poems and which represents a conscious reaction from the extreme idealization of woman encouraged by the Patrarchan tradition.
Love-poem
In his serious love-poems, however, Donne, while not relaxing his grasp on the realities the love experience, suffuses it with an emotional intensity and a spiritualized ardor unique in English poetry.
2. Sonnet
Contrast between conventional and Donne’s sonnet
Conventional sonnet
Donne’s sonnet
The unvarying succession in form
Gives nearly every theme a verse and stanza form peculiar to itself
Decorating his theme by conventional comparison
Illuminates or emphasizes his thought by fantastic metaphors and extravagant hyperbole.
Style
In moments of inspiration his style becomes wonderfully poignant and direct, heart-searching in its simple human accents, with an originality and force for which we look in vain among the clear and fluent melodies of Elizabethan lyrists.
Conceit
Sometimes the “conceits”, as these extravagant figures are called, are so odd that we lose sight of the thing to be illustrated, in the startling nature of the illustration.
The fashion of conceiting writing, somewhat like euphuism in prose, appeared in Italy and Spain also. Its imaginative exuberance has its parallels in baroque architecture and painting.
Song
Go and catch a falling star,
Get with child a mandrake root,
Tell me where all the past years are,
Or who cleft the Devil’s foot,
Teach me to hear mermaids singing,
Or to keep off envy’s stinging,
And find
What wind
Servers to advance an honest mind.
If thou beest born to strange sights,
Things invisible to see,
Ride ten thousand days and nights,
Till age snow white hairs on thee,
Thou, when thou return’st, wilt tell me
All strange wonders that befell thee,
And answer
No where
Lives a woman true, and fair,
If thou find’st one, let me know,
Such a pilgrimage were sweet,
Yet do not, I would no go
Though next door we might meet,
Though she were true when you met her,
And last till you write your letter,
Yet she
Will be
False, ere I come, to two, or three.
John Milton
Days in Horton
L’ Allegro
Describing happiness
Il Penseroso
Describing meditation
Lycidas
Praising a dear friend who had been drowned
Comus
Presenting a masque or play
Pamphlets
Areopagitica, Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing
A bold attack on the censorship of the press
Eikinoklastes
A pamphlets in which the author justified the execution of Charles I
Defense for the English People
A defense of the Commonwealth and Revolution
Paradise Lost
It represents the author’s views in an allegorical religious form,
And the reader will easily discern its basic idea---the exposure of reactionary forces of this time and passionate appeal for freedom.
It is based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race---Adam and Eve, and involves God and his eternal adversary, Satan in plot.
John Bunyan
Milton and Bunyan
Milton
Bunyan
Education
Well educated
Poorly educated
Inheriting
Son of Renaissance
an excess of that spiritual independence which had cause the Puritan struggle for liberty
Puritan
The only epic since Beowulf
The only great allegory
Books helpful for Bunyan significantly
The books from his wife The Plain Man’s Pathway to Heaven and The Practice of Piety gave fire to his imagination, which he saw new visions and dream terrible new dreams of lost souls.
Without fully digestion of Bible and Scripture, he was tossed about alike a feather by all the winds of doctrine.
The Pilgrim’s Progress
Bunyan’s most important work is The Pilgrim’s Progress, written in old fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.
The Eighteenth century
1. Enlightenment
Nature
An expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism
Against
Class inequality, stagnation, prejudice and other survival of feudalism
Repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature
Accept
Place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people
Accept bourgeois relationship as rightful and reasonable relations among people.
Compared to France
revealed to the most progressive minds of the century the contradictions of new society instead of “cleared the minds of men for the coming revolution” of France
First representatives of Enlightenment
Common comment
Though in their works they criticized different aspects of contemporary English, they never set themselves the task of struggling against the existing order of life, but on the contrary, attempted to smooth over social contradictions by moralizing and proclaiming, as Pope did, that “whatever is, is right”.
Joseph Addison & Richard Steel
Devoted not only to social problem, but also to private life and adventures, gave an impetus to the development of the 18소 century novel
Alexander Pope
The highest authority in matters of literary art
Elaborated certain regulations for the style of poetical works and made popular the so-called heroics couplets---five foot iambic rhymed in couplet
Founders of novel
The development of industry and trade brought to the foremen of a new stamp, who had to be typified in the new literature.
Author
Work
Description
Comment
Daniel Defoe
Robinson Crusoe
The image of an enterprising Englishman of the 18소 century was created.
One of the forerunners of the English 18소 century realistic novel.
Henry Fielding
Unfolds a spread of panorama of life in all sections of English society
Real founder of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe
Exposes the depraved aristocracy, the avaricious bourgeoisie
Contrasts the life of ruling classes to the lack of rights and misery of the people

The Adventure of Roderick Random
Mercilessly attacked , among others things, the regime in the English fleet
Real founder of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe
The Adventure of Peregrine Pickle
Exposed all kinds if political charlatans, mocked at the State system and laughed to scone various prejudices and conventionalities
Created an unforgettable gallery of common English people, conspicuous for their generosity, kind-heatedness and sense of humor
Innermost life Writers
Along with the depiction of morals and manners and social mode of life the writers of the Enlightenment began to display interest of the inmost life of an individual.
Author
Work
Description
Comment
Samuel Richardson
Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded, Clarissa, or The History of a Young Lady and The History of Sir Charles Grandson
Deals with the private life of an individual
Enriched European literature with the method of psychological analysis
Jonathan Swift
Gulliver’s Travels
Typified the bourgeoisie world, drew ruthless pictures of the depraved aristocracy and satirically portrayed the whole of the English State system
The most outstanding personality of the epoch of enlightenment in England
Richard
School for Scandal
False virtue and actual vices of aristocracy society are derided
A sharp criticism of contemporary system
2. Sentimentalism
The middle of the 18소 century in England sees the inceptions of a new literary current---that of sentimentalism.
The sentimentalism came into being as a result of bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in so