质子交换膜燃料电池阴极非贵金属催化剂的制备与表征.docx

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Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the preparation and characterization of non-precious metal catalysts for the cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The focus is on the recent progress in the synthesis and performance evaluation of these catalysts, as well as the challenges faced in their commercialization. The paper outlines the different types of non-precious metal catalysts, including carbon-based catalysts, transition metal-based catalysts, and polymer-based catalysts. Additionally, the paper examines various characterization techniques to determine the activity, stability, and durability of these catalysts. The results show that non-precious metal catalysts have the potential to replace expensive platinum-based catalysts, and their commercialization is becoming more feasible with the advancement of catalyst synthesis and characterization techniques.
Introduction
The high cost and limited availability of platinum-based catalysts have been a major hindrance to the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Therefore, the development of non-precious metal catalysts for PEMFCs has become an active research area. Non-precious metal catalysts are attractive alternatives to platinum-based catalysts due to their low cost and abundant availability, which could reduce the cost of PEMFCs and promote their commercialization. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the preparation and characterization of non-precious metal catalysts for the cathode of PEMFCs.
Types of Non-Precious Metal Catalysts
Carbon-Based Catalysts
Carbon-based catalysts are one of the most widely studied non-precious metal catalysts due to their high catalytic activity and stability. Carbon-based catalysts can be classified into two categories, namely, carbon-supported catalysts and nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts. Carbon-supported catalysts comprise of a carbon support material and a metal nanoparticle, while nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts have nitrogen atoms that are embedded in the carbon matrix. The catalytic activity of carbon-based catalysts can be enhanced by increasing the surface area of the carbon support, increasing the number of active sites, and improving the electronic conductivity. However, carbon-based catalysts suffer from poor durability due to their low stability under acidic conditions.
Transition Metal-Based Catalysts
Transition metal-based catalysts have been extensively studied in recent years due to their high catalytic activity and good electrochemical stability. Transition metal-based catalysts comprise of a transition metal and a nitrogen-containing ligand, which provides an active site for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Transition metal-based catalysts have shown promising catalytic activity and stability under acidic conditions.
Polymer-Based Catalysts
Polymer-based catalysts are another class of non-precious metal catalysts that have been studied for their high catalytic activity and stability. Polymer-based catalysts comprise of a conducting polymer and a metal ion. The conducting polymer provides a stable and conductive framework for the metal ion, resulting in a highly active catalyst. Polymer-based catalysts have shown promising performance in the presence of a basic electrolyte, but they suffer from low catalytic activity and stability under acidic conditions.
Characterization Techniques
Various techniques have been developed to characterize the activity, stability, and durability of non-precious metal catalysts. The most commonly used techniques include X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). XPS is used to determine the oxidation state and composition of the catalyst surface, while SEM and TEM provide information about the morphology and crystal structure of the catalyst. CV is used to measure the electrochemical activity and stability of the catalyst.
Conclusion
Non-precious metal catalysts have the potential to replace expensive platinum-based catalysts, which is a major step towards the commercialization of PEMFCs. The synthesis and characterization of non-precious metal catalysts have advanced significantly over the past decade, leading to promising results in terms of catalytic activity, stability, and durability. Carbon-based catalysts, transition metal-based catalysts, and polymer-based catalysts are the most widely studied non-precious metal catalysts. However, each type of catalyst has its advantages and disadvantages, and further research is needed to enhance their performance. The development of new and efficient non-precious metal catalysts will undoubtedly have a significant impact on the commercialization of PEMFCs.