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初三英语中考语法一轮复习动词不定式知识点总结与整理
非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动词-ing 形式和过去分词。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化,不受主语人称和谓语动词的时态变化干扰,但是有时态
和语态的变化。非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语,但仍保留动词的特点,
即可以有自己的宾语和状语。
典型例句: hear your voice is so nice.(听到你的声音真高兴。)
(动词不定式)
典型例句: books makes one wise.(读书使人明智。)(动词-ing 形式)
动词不定式
典型例句: is a book written by Balzac.(这是巴尔扎克写的一本书。)(过去分词)
动词不定式是一种动词的非谓语形式,可在句中充当多种成分,是初中英语学习中必须掌握的重要语法项目。
动词不定式有两种表现形式,一种是“to+动词原形”,另一种是“疑问词+to+动词原形”,详见后面的举例。
To learn a foreign language is not easy.(学习外语不是一件容易的事。)
Her job is to look after the children.(她的工作就是照顾孩子。)
He wants to buy some stamps.(他想买一些邮票。)
The doctor told me to have a rest.(医生叫我休息一下。)
I want something to eat.(我想要一些吃的。)
Yesterday they came to visit us.(昨天他们来拜访我们。)
:to do 表示不定式的动作发生在谓语的动作之后,或同时发生。
I want to visit my teacher.(我想去拜访我的老师。)(表示之后)
I believe him to be a good student.(我相信他是个好学生。)(表示同时)
:to have done 表示不定式的动作发生在谓语的动作之前。
:to be doing 表示不定式的动作与谓语的动作同时进行。
He seems to be worrying about it.(他似乎正在担心它。)
:to be done 表示被动关系。
The sick man will need to be taken to a hospital.(这个病人需要被送到医院。)
(1)疑问词+to+动词原形
。
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I don’t know what to do.
=I don’t know what I should do.(我不知道应该做什么。)
,疑问代词作宾语,疑问副词作状语。
I don’t know what to do.(我不知道做什么。)(疑问代词 what 作宾语)
I don’t know how to do it.(我不知道怎么做。)(疑问副词 how 作状语)
(2)动词不定式作定语
、代词之后。
He has an important meeting to attend.(定语)(他有一个重要的会议要参加。)
、代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,因此若不定式 的动词是不及物动词或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面就要加上相应的介词。
They want a big room to live in.(他们想要一个大房间住。) Pass me a knife to cut the bread with.(递给我一把刀切面包。)
(3)动词不定式作状语
当动词不定式修饰表语形容词作状语时,它和主语构成动宾关系。同样, 如果不定式中动词是不及物动词时要加相应的介词。
The house is very comfortable to live in.(这房子住起来非常舒服。) The pen is good to write with.(这支钢笔写起来很好用。)
to。
(1)祈使动词如 make,let,have
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The boss made Tom’s father work all day.(老板让汤姆的爸爸整天工作。)
(2)感官动词如 hear,see,notice
I saw him gointo the classroom just now.(我看到他刚才进了教室。)
(3)用于被动语态时,被省略的 to 需要还原。
He was made to do the job at once.(他被迫立刻做这个工作。)
补充:不定式省略 to 的口诀
有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了 to,其口诀是:一感二听三让四观看。
一感:feel;二听:hear,listen to;三让:let,have,make; 四观看:observe,see,watch,look at
to 前加 not。
Mother often tells Tom not to play football in the street.(妈妈经常叫汤姆不要在街上踢足球。)
,不定式常可省略 to 后面的动词, 只保留 to。动词 make,let,see,hear...后面的词可全部省略。
A:Did you go to see the Great Wall?(你去长城了吗?)
B:Yes,I went to.(是的,我去了。)(省略了 see the Great Wall) A:Did Mary go there with you?(玛丽是和你一起去的那里吗?) B:No,her mother didn’t let her.(不,她妈妈没有让她去。)
want,wish,hope,decide 等。
to 的不定式作宾补的动词有 ask,tell,get,wish,want,like,teach
等。
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to 的不定式作宾补的动词有 let,make,have,see,watch, feel,listen to 等。
happy,sorry,afraid,able,sure 等。
重要:只接不定式作宾语的一些常用特殊谓语动词:want 想要;hope 希望; wish 想做( 某事) ; agree 同意; decide 决定; manage 设法做成;
refuse 拒绝;pretend 假装
to 的不定式作主语时,常用形式主语 it 代替,其作表语的形容词有
important,easy,difficult,hard,good,bad,right 等。
It is too hard for him to work out such a difficult problem.
(对他来说做出这么难的题目太困难了。)
, 又可接动词-ing 形式的动词有 like, love, hate, start,
begin,need 和 stop,remember,forget,go on,try 等,前者意义没有多大的区别,后者区别较大。
to 的不定式和疑问词连用,相当于一个名词作宾语或宾补,这种句式可把不定式转换为复合句, 这类动词有 know, decide, tell, ask, find,
hear,learn,think 等。
to 的不定式作定语的动词有 have,there be。I have a few letters to write.(我有一些信要写。)
to 在一些情态动词或助动词及一些表“意愿”的动词之后代替上文提到的动词。这类动词有 have,be able,be going,hope,like,
love,try 等。
A:Would you like to go with me?(你愿意跟我一起去吗?) B:Yes,I’d like to.(是的,我愿意。)
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+动词不定式
My teacher didn’t tell me what to do next.(我的老师没有告诉我下一步要做什么。)
too...to.../enough to...
They are too shy to speak English.(他们太害羞了以至于不能说英语。) It’s too dark for him to see anything in the room.(对他来讲房间里 面太暗了什么也看不见。)
补充:too...to 与 so...that 的转换
The box is too heavy for him to lift.(这个盒子对他来讲太沉了,他抬不动。)
=The box is so heavy that he can’t lift it.(这个盒子太沉了,他抬不动。)
It is/was+形容词+of sb. to do sth.(形容词能修饰 to do sth.) It is/was+形容词+for sb. to do sth.(形容词只能修饰 to do sth.)
It was very clever of him to do it like that.(他那样做很聪明。)
(他很聪明,像那样做也是聪明之举)
It was hard for him to say goodbye.(对他来讲,说声再见是很难的。)
(是说再见很难,不能说他很难)
注意:of ,而 for 。
It is very kind of you to help me.→You are very kind to help me.
(你帮助我真是太好了。)
补充:形容词/副词+enough to do so...that...can do : He runs fast enough to get there first.(他跑得快可以第一个到那里。)
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→He runs so fast that he can get there first.(他跑得那样快以至于他能第一个到那里。)
Why (not) do?为什么(不)……?
A:Let’s go out to eat tonight.(今晚我们出去吃吧。) B:Yes,why not?
(好啊。)
There be...to do 有……要做
There are some clothes to wash.(有一些衣服要洗。) There is a room to clean.(有一间屋子要打扫。)
be about to do ;将要去做
I was about to go to bed when the policeman knocked at the door.
(当警察敲门的时候我刚要睡觉。)
had better do ……/had better not do …… You had better not eat too much.(你最好不要吃太多。)
so as to...为了
so as to...一般不能放在句首,意思相当于 in order to。
He got up early so as to meet his parents at the airport.
(他很早就起床是为了到机场接他的父母。)
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