06Pragmatics(冯).ppt

Pragmatics
冯荣荣
导师:汪立荣
Content
Introduction
Micropragmatics
Reference
Deixis
Anaphora
Presupposition
Macropragmatics
Speech act theory
The cooperative Principle
The Politeness Principle
Introduction
How is language used in cummunication?
(1)Have you eaten yet?
(2)A:It's fine today,isn't it? B:Yeah, really fine.
(3)老师:现在几点了?
学生:路上自行车没气啦。
(4)小张:明天怎么办?
小王:按老规矩。(冉永平,2006,Page2-3)
Definition of Pragmatics
Pragmatics: a field of study to take care of meaning of language in use. Pragmatics can also be defined as the study of speaker meaning.
(P141,P143)
What is the difference between semantics and pragmatics?
The basic difference between pragmatics and semantics is that pragmatics considers meaning in context and semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use.
(甘世安,杨静,2009,53)
Formular:pragmatics=meaning-semantics
(姜望琪,2000,P2)
What is the context?
Pragmatically speaking, context determines , to great extent, the meaning of discourses or the correctness of discourse is constituted by all kinds of knowledge shared by the speaker and hearer.
The shared knowledge is of two types:
the knowledge of language they use, and the knowledge about the world.(甘世安,杨静 P55)
1“‘春眠不觉晓,处处闻啼鸟’,啊,这样的诗句真美。”
(linguistic knowledge)
2 小王:怎么样?
小张:哎,难办啊!
(situational knowledge)
3甲:你知道世界上有多少个洲,多少大洋?
乙:这还用问吗?
(background knowledge)
History of Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a young science.
1937,its English name was only invented by Charles William Morris.
1950s, its major theory, Speech Act Theory, took place.
1970s,pragmatics and pragmatic problems has been witnessed worldwide.
1980s, pragmatics had been accepted as one of the basis branches of linguistics.
1977, Journal of Pragmatics came into being.
1985, International Pragmatics Association has been in existence. (p142)
Micropragmatics
Reference, deixis, anaphora and presupposition are the topics in micropragmatics.
Referenc