托福写作的多角度例证(原创).doc

托福写作中例证的角度
by 李俊
例证的重要性
没有例证的托福作文是残疾的。OG 中托福写作评分标准部分提到论证的展开模
式有两种:;. 假大空,没有展开具体实质内容的
论证即使用了高级词汇和句式也只能得低分。所以例证成为托福作文论证模式的
关键。而托福独立写作题目也往往要求“Use specific reasons and examples
to support your answer.”一个很现实的问题:很难想象没有例证干讲道理的
一篇文章如何写到 400 字左右,同时这篇文章必然是枯燥乏味并且说服力不够
的。从某种意义上讲:托福独立写作成也例证,败也例证。
例证的多角度
很多人把例证狭隘地理解为写一个具体鲜活地事例或者讲一个故事,其实这只是
例证的一种角度。如果只用这种角度例证会显得单一和重复。例证有三个角度:
泛例,特例和调查研究。接下来从三个角度分别讲解:
泛例
泛例就是泛举一些普遍现象或群体来证明,不涉及具体事件,没有具体场景和情
节。我们来看一个例题:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Nowadays,
young people nowadays are more independent than before.
用泛例的方式来例证可以这么写:
The easier and wider education access makes young people more
independent. For example, numerous teenagers go abroad and study
overseas. In the new strange circumstance, they have to solve all the
problems they confront mainly by themselves. Such experience will
certainly strengthen their independence.
这个例证涉及的是出国留学的青少年群体,而不是具体个案。
特例
特例就是具体事例和个案,带情节。特例给人较强的真实感,可以是名人事例,
也可以是自己或者身边的事例。当然也可以编,因为不是所以身边的真实事例都
跟要论证的观点吻合。
同样是前面那个关于青少年独立性的题目,用特例的方式可以这么写:
The easier and wider access makes young people more independent. For
example, my cousin who is 18 years old is studying in USA. Before he
studied abroad, he relied heavily on his parents and he even didn’t
know how to do the laundry. Now he can handle all his daily chores
thanks to the oversea study experienc