英文翻译 工程类毕业设计英文翻译.doc

Talling building and Steel construction
 
Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general. Spectacular archievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings.
The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically petitively used in a number of structures for both residential mercial high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structual systems.
Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, other architectural details. In addition,excessive sway may cause fort to the occupants of the building because their perception of such systems of reinforced concrete,as well as steel,take full advantage of inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore require additional stiffening to limit the sway.
In a steel structure,for example,the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the A in Fig .1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium.
Systems in steel. Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. The innovations have been applied to the construction of both offic