SAT平行结构 语法 improving sentence.ppt

SAT平行结构 语法 improving sentence.pptSAT IMPROVING SENTENCE
JADY
连词是一种虚词, 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。
并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。
从属连词用来引导名词从句和各类的状语从句。
一、平行结构, 即并列结构:由并列连词连接两个或两个以上对等的语言成分构成。
常见的并列连词有:
1、表递进关系:and, not only…but also…,
neither…nor…, not… but…
2. 选择关系:or,either…or…, otherwise, whether...or
3. 转折对比关系: but, yet, whereas, while, still
4. 因果关系:so, for
5. 并列关系:and, when
二、对连接词连接的成分要求:形式对称; 功能相同(充当同样的句子成分),时态平衡。
并列平行结构应该是名词和名词,副词和副词,分词和分词,不定式和不定式,动词和动词,句子和句子等的并列,而不能其中一个概念用分词结构表达,而另一个概念用不定式或从句来表达。
比如下面句子就违反了平行结构的准则:
Do some nice things for your parents that they don't expect like cooking, doing the dishes, washing clothes, or clean the floors.
"做饭"、"刷碗"、"洗衣服"、"拖地"在本句中应为并列结构作为介词like“像”的宾语,故应用相同的形式,都用动名词,所以应将clean改为cleaning。
三、平行结构主要类型
1. 名词和名词平行结构
The patient's symptoms were fever, dizziness, and headache.
病人的症状是发烧、头晕和头痛。
2. 形容词和形容词平行结构
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
早睡早起使人健康、富有、聪明。

The work is handsomely and skillfully done.
这项工作做得漂亮,有水平。
4. 分词平行结构(现在分词与现在分词/ 过去分词与过去分词)
The boys were running, shouting and laughing.
男孩子们边跑,边喊叫着、笑着。(伴随状语)
The old man returned home, disappointed and exhausted.
5. 动名词doing平行结构
Henry's work is reading books and writing book reviews.
亨利的工作是读读书,写写书评。
6. 动词不定式平行结构
On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers, and (to) buy plants and young ,40%的同学认为应收门票,他们认为门票费可以作为支付园林工人及其他工作人员的工资和购买新花木的费用。and 连接并列不定式第二个不定式往往省略 to。
7. 介词短语平行结构
1)Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class.
2)We often go to the countryside as well as to factories.
8. 谓语动词平行结构谓语形式时态要一致
He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter.
(并列句)
I was tired, but I felt happy.
五、 And的用法
综述:and 是并列连词,它既能连接两个并列(平行)的结构,也能连接两个并列的分句。我们可以通过分析它在句子结构中的功能,从而巧妙的解题。