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Optical Fiber Technology 16 (2010) 20–45
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Optical Fiber Technology
ate/yofte
Optical performance monitoring for the next generation optical
works
Zhongqi Pan a,*, Changyuan Yu b, Alan E. Willner c
a Dept. of Electrical puter Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504-3890, United States
b Dept. of Electrical puter Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
c Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
article info abstract
Article history: Today’s works function are in a fairly static fashion and are built to operate within well-
Received 21 July 2009 defined specifications. This scenario is quite challenging for next generation high-capacity systems, since
Available online 6 November work paths are not static and channel-degrading effects can change with temperature, component
drift, aging, fiber plant maintenance and many other factors. Moreover, we are far from being able to sim-
Keywords: ply ‘‘plug-and-play” an optical node into an work in such a way that work itself can
works allocate resources to ensure error-free transmission. Optical performance monitoring could potentially
Fiber impairments
enable higher stability, reconfigurability, and flexibility in a self-managed work. This paper
Wavelength-division-multiplexing
will describe the specific fiber impairments that future intelligent work might want to monitor
Optical performance monitoring
as well as some promising techniques.
Ó 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction tems. Examples of functions that require OPM include amplifier
control, channel identification and signal quality assessment.
munications technology has enabled the doubling OPM can be broken down into several work layers
of the bit-rate-transmission distance product every year. This trend [1,2]. For example, the WDM channel management layer monitor-
has b