《周易》与“白马非马”.doc

《周易》与“白马非马”
——试论易学的对象和研究方法

摘要:《易》相传有三个版本:《连山》、《归藏》和《周易》。秦汉以来,学界主流向以《周易》为《易》,“白马即马”,结果常使易学研究偏离《易》的本来——卦爻画。“周易学”主要是在卦爻辞的基础上以“象”的方式解《易》。综观易学史,与这种“经文易学”同样重要的治易方式还有二:五行易学和图书易学。传统“经文易学”之“象数与义理”的两派分类法有失全面,不利于揭示易道本质,“白马非马”。本文通过运用上述三种研易手段,尝试总结易道法则:阴阳之道、众界合一、和实生物。易学研究因缘而起,学者各取所需、各得其所。和而不同方为君子之道。易之道,“不可为典要,唯变所适”。
关键词:易;周易;象数;义理;五行;图书

Zhouyi and “the white horse is not horse”:
on the object and schools of the studies of Yi
Abstract: The book of Yi has three different kinds of publication: Lianshan, Guizhang and Zhouyi. Zhouyi has been taken as the Yi since Qin Dynasty and most scholars of Yi have mainly concentrated on objects other than the diagrams of Gua and Yao which are the right content of Yi, hinting that a white horse was taken as the only horse. The Studies of Zhouyi are of Images , based mainly on the Text (affiliated words ) of Yi. There are in fact two more schools of the studies of Yi other than that of the Text: the Five Element Yi and the Numeral Yi. The studies of Yi has been traditionally divided into two schools: Image/numeral and moral principle, which are too superficial to help people to realize the true nature of Yi, hinting that the white horse is only a horse. With the help of the three ways together, we can conclude several principles of Yi: Yin and Yang, All in One, and Differences. With different background and for different purposes, different scholars have seen different aspects of the nature of Yi. The world is a mixture of differences and what Yi tells is “changes”.
Key words: Yi; Zhouyi; image-numeral; moral principle; the Five Elements, diagram-numeral.

公孙龙言“白马非马”,因“马者,所以命形也;白者,所以命色也;命色者非命形也。”《周易》与《易》犹“白马”与“马”。在易学发展史上,“白马”之争由来已久,且至今似仍无定论。“易马”之形未定,易论纷纭,学界甚至出现“白马即马”、“黄黑马非马”的治易取向。正因为如此,多少易学者虽皓首穷经、孜孜以求,却难窥“易学”之全貌。
《周易》只是《易》的一个版本。不仅“十翼传文”不是《易》,而且作为卦爻辞的
“经文”也未必《易》之当然而不可分割。本源的《易》似乎只是卦爻画。易学的最终对象应是六十四卦三百八十四爻。易学者只有直接探究卦爻画的结构规律,才能更好地认识易道的本质。
一
今本《周易》由三个基本部分构成:卦爻画、卦爻辞和传文。传文是易说,是后世学者研究《易》的心得。卦爻辞是筮语,是占筮的记录。占筮是卦爻画对具体现象的运用。筮语是占筮者因时因地