默顿规范研究.pdf

摘要

作为 20 世纪最有影响的社会学家之一,
究范围十分广泛,涉及科学、知识、社会问题及社会政策等诸多领域。默顿最初
关注的是促成近代科学兴起或体制化的主要社会因素问题,后来转向研究科学体
制的内部规范结构问题,如科学的精神气质、科学发现或发明优先权的争论、科
学奖励或报偿制度及其实质和根源等。默顿规范是默顿科学社会学最重要的研究
课题之一,在本文中笔者着重分析了默顿规范提出的时代背景、默顿规范的内涵
以及规范在大科学时代所面临的困境及其发展趋势。作者认为,默顿规范并不象
其批评者所说的那样已经不再适应时代的需要,它仍有其存在和进一步发展的空
间,它将继续在人类的科学研究中发挥着重要的指导作用。
默顿规范包括普遍主义规范,公有主义规范,无私利性规范和有条理的怀疑
主义规范,它是小科学时代调节科学家的科学研究行为的指导性原则。在大科学
时代默顿规范受到了一系列违反规范的事实与现象的挑战,其存在的必要性受到
了广泛的怀疑。但是默顿规范的内在精神的合理性是勿容置疑的,默顿规范在大
科学时代仍有其存在的必要性,它将通过大科学时代的外部规范的补充而继续发
挥其重要作用。大科学时代的外部规范主要包括社会新理性,勇于创新性,广
泛合作性和社会公益性。默顿规范与大科学时代外部规范的有机结合是默顿规范
重现异彩的希望所在。
关键词:默顿;科学规范;科学的精神气质;小科学时代;大科学时代
Abstract

As one of the most influential sociologists in the 20th century, had
extensively researched a great deal of fields in sociology, such as science, knowledge,
social problem and social policy, etc… first studies the main social factors
that brought about the rise or systematization of modern science, and then turns to
study the internal normative structure of the system of science, such as the ethos of
science, the controversy of the priority of scientific discovery or invention……etc.
The Science Norm of Merton is one of the most important studying topics of Merton’s
sociology of science. The article analyzes the background and intension of the science
norm, makes a thorough inquiry into both the difficult position of the norm in big
science era and the developing tendency in ing years. The author thinks that
the Science Norm of Merton is not out of date, it will continue playing an important
role in human science researching.
The Science Norm of Merton consists of four aspects: Universalism ,
Communism, Disinterestedness,anized Skepticism . It is the guiding
principle for people to regulate scientists’ researching behaviors in little science era.
In big science era, the science norm of Merton faces many facts and phenomenon of
violating norm, the necessity of its being ing unde