简牍所见秦名田制蠡测论文,历史学论文论文,论文.doc

简牍所见秦名田制蠡测论文,历史学论文论文,论文简牍所见秦名田制蠡测[内容提要]不论是井田制还是名田制,都是根据一定的身份等级占有田宅。周爵以世卿世禄为原则,秦爵以食有劳而禄有功为原则。与此相应,井田制下的禄田可以为同一家族世代享用,因而相对稳定;名田制下的田宅,由于爵位的降等继承而有较大的流动性。名田制尽管没有公田与私田的划分,但劳役地租仍然以“庶子”及“人貉”的形式残存了相当长的一段时间,直到汉代才为雇佣劳动和租佃制所取代。汉名田制与秦名田制虽有很大不同,然而,其以户为单位并以爵位为基础的田宅等级标准,就基本原则而言,与秦名田制却是一脉相承的。[关键词]井田制名田制爵制 The Ming-tian System ofQin Period inthe Bamboo Documents YUZhen-bo (Yuelu Academy, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China) Abstract: The ming-tian system issimilar tothe square-fields system in possessing farmland and curtilage according toone ’stitle. Under the square-fields system, the farmland assalary was stable and could run in the family because the aristocratic titles were hereditary. Onthe contrary, under the ming-tian system, the farmland and curtilage were not stable because the titles must beawarded tothose who had contribution orachievement, and would bedemoted when the titles were inherited. The farmland under the ming-tian system was not divided into public farmland and private farmland, but the land tax paid bymeans offorced labor in the name ofshuzi and renhe remained for along time, which was not replaced bywage labor and tenancy until Han Dynasty. Despite many differences, the principle ofthe ming-tian system, such asregarding each family as aunit and basing onthe system ofaristocratic titles, came down inone continuous line from Qin Period toHan Dynasty. Key words: the square-fields system; the ming-tian system; the system of aristocratic titles. 战国时期,商鞅变法,在秦国实行名田制,然而,对于这一制度在秦国和秦朝的具体情况,我们所知尚少。龙岗秦简尤其是张家山汉简中有大量秦汉时期名田制的资料,对我们进一步认识秦名田制非常重要,并有助于我们对井田制与名田制的关系有更多的了解。本文拟在这方面做一尝试。一、春秋时期井田制的嬗变秦国的名田制脱胎于井田制,名田制与井田制有着千丝万缕的联系,在讨论名田制之前,有必要了解井田制在春秋时期经历了哪些变化。如所周知,井田制既是与农业生产排水和灌溉密切相关的一种土地疆理制度,也是建立在农村公社或家族公社基础上的授田制,它把各级贵族的“禄”和公社农民(庶人)的赋税徭役有机地结合起来。国家把井田作为禄田赏赐给公、卿、大夫、士等各级贵族。井田按照一定的比例分为“公田”和“私田”,私田被分授给家族公社或农村公社中一家一户的庶人,作为他们的份地,而庶人则无偿地代耕公田,提供劳役地租。据载: 季康子欲以田赋,使冉有访诸仲尼。仲尼不对,私于冉有曰:“求来!女不闻乎? 先王制土,籍田以力,而砥其远迩;赋里以入,而量其有无;任力以夫,而议其老幼。于是乎有鳏寡孤疾,有军旅之出则征之,无则已。其岁,收田一井,出禾、秉刍、缶米,不是过也。