Chapter 2 Speech Sounds.ppt

英语语言学概论课程课件
课件名称:语音
制作人:外国语学院鞠玉梅
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
Purpose of teaching: Make students familiar with speech sounds production and perception and sound patterns
Focal points of teaching:How sounds including vowels and consonants are produced and how sounds are patterned
Speech production and perception(言语产生和感知)
Language: a system of vocal symbols
ics: the study of sounds
Phonology: the study of sound patterns
Articulatory ics(发音语音学): the study of the production of speech sounds
Acoustic ics(声学语音学): the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech
Auditory ics(听觉语音学): the study of the perception of speech sounds
ans
ans(ans)(言语器官): those part of the human body involved in the production of speech
Part of the body that are involved in the production of speech: the lungs, the trachea(气管), the throat, the nose and the mouth
The mouth: the tongue, the plate(腭)
The throat: pharynx(upper)(咽), larynx(lower the vocal folds)(喉头)
The vocal tract(声道): the pharynx, mouth,and nose
The mouth: the oral cavity(口腔)
The nose: the nasal cavity(鼻腔)
ans
Pulmonic sounds(肺闭塞音): The airstream (气流)is forced out of the lungs and then passes through the bronchioles (细支气管)and bronchi (支气管)into the trachea.
Larynx: at the top of the trachea, the vocal folds and ventricular folds(膨胀带)
Voiceless(清音): the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass easily [p,s,t]
Voiced(浊音): the vocal folds are close together, the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other [b,z,d]
Glottal stop(喉塞音): the vocal folds are totally closed, no air can pass between them
发音器官的构造及其作用
世界上所有的声音都是物体振动产生的声波在介质中传递的结果,因此声音的产生离不开振动的动力、振动的源头和振动的共鸣腔。语音说到底也是一种声音,因而也离不开振动的动力、源头和共鸣腔,只不过语音是由人类的发音器官各部分协同动作所产生的,研究语音的产生,就必须首先了解发音器官的构造和功能。人类的发音器官可以分为三大部分:呼吸器官、喉头声带与声腔(口腔、鼻腔与咽腔),我们详细介绍各部分的构造和功能。
1 呼吸器官
呼吸器官主要包括肺、气管和支气管。肺部的收缩和扩张可以产生呼气和吸气的气流变化,这种气流变化不仅为人类的生存提供氧气和二氧化碳的交换,而且为语音的发出提供了振动的动力。世界上多数语言的语音利用呼气作为动力,非洲有些语言还利用吸气发音。
2 喉头和声带
喉头由软骨构成,呈圆筒状,上接咽腔,下接气管,喉头的外表就是喉结。喉头软骨构成的"圆筒"中有一对声带,声带是两片富有弹性的唇性肌肉,其前后两端都粘