城市弱势群体犯罪被害问题研究.pdf

I 摘要“城市弱势群体”是指生活在城市中,在经济上和政治上处于相对弱势的人群。城市弱势群体的弱势地位使得其犯罪被害问题显得比较突出,直接影响到了社会的和谐与稳定,因此研究此问题既有理论意义,也有实践意义。就理论意义而言,西方学者对犯罪被害所做的调查结果显示弱势群体更易遭受犯罪侵害①,那么在我国是否同样存在这一问题呢?为了检验这一理论观点,我们进行了实证调查。调查和分析的结果印证了其正确性。就实践意义而言,以往犯罪学研究对“犯罪——被害”的分析往往注重犯罪微观的、具体的过程,对“犯罪——被害”的宏观社会背景分析不足,为此在收集数据,描述现象的基础上对城市弱势群体犯罪被害的原因进行了分析,发现城市弱势群体遭受犯罪侵害的原因既有社会因素,也有个体因素。社会因素(国家、社会支持系统、强势群体三类主体)包括国家权力运行重心失衡、社会支持系统不健全、强势群体竞争限制等三个层面的内容。个体因素主要在于城市弱势群体在权利意识、防范意识和职业素质方面的不足。针对城市弱势群体遭受犯罪侵害的原因,相应地使之免遭犯罪侵害的对策应当从社会和个体两个方面做出努力。在社会因素方面,主要是调整衡公正与效率之间的关系、努力落实各项社会福利政策、重视社区对预防被害的积极作用;社会支持体统要更多地关注城市弱势群体,在就业渠道上给予帮助;强势群体应当采用温和的竞争手段、尊重弱势群体。个人因素方面,既要加强权利意识和防范意识; 又要努力提高自身的职业素质,从根本上扭转易于被害的局面。总之,希望能够通过国家权力、社会支持系统、强势群体、城市弱势群体个人四方面的综合治理,最终达到减少城市弱势群体遭受犯罪侵害的目的。关键词:城市弱势群体;犯罪被害;国家权力系统;社会支持系统;强势群体;个体因素①刘广三. 犯罪现象论[M]. 北京::160 II Abstract "Urban Vulnerable Groups" mean the people living in cities and being in a relatively economic and political disadvant age. The disadvantaged status of Urban Vulnerable Groups makes them more likely to be offended by crimes. It has a direct impact on the social harmony and stability. This article has both theoretical and practical significances. In the theoretical sense, the results of West ern criminology scholars’ survey showed that vulnerable groups were more apt to be offended by crimes ①, and then it also exists in China? To test this point of view, we have conducte d a positive investigation. The results confirm its accuracy. In the practical sense, in the past, the analysis of "Offender - Victim" tended to focus on specific, micro-process of crim es, but the macro-social back ground was rarely mentioned. On the basis of data collection and phenomenon de scription of Urban Vu lnerable Groups, two reasons---social factors and individual factor s---were found that Urban Vulnerable Groups suffered from crimes. Social factors (National Powe r System, Social Aid System and Preponderant Groups) include the imbalance of national power exercise; th