Chapter 3词汇学.ppt

2017-3-9 Word Formation 1 Chapter 3 Word Formation 2017-3-9 Word Formation 2 Some basic concepts of word- formation (1) ? Word-formation rules = define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words. ? Example: ? 1. Adj. + N + ed = adj. ? 2. N + N + ed = adj. ? 3. N + en = verb ? 4. Adj. + en = verb 2017-3-9 Word Formation 3 Examples of the rules: ? Long-handed; red-handed,; ? Pig-headed; time-honored; ? Strengthen, hearten, threaten; ? Weaken, soften, darken, etc. 2017-3-9 Word Formation 4 Some basic concepts of word- formation (2) ? Not all words which result from the application of the rule are acceptable. ? Ex. Short-handed, black-handed, ? sheep-headed, time-dishonored, ? nosen, booken, strongen are not acceptable English words. 2017-3-9 Word Formation 5 Root, stem, base: ? Root = not further analyzable, either derivationally or inflectionally. (compound words = two roots) ? Stem = is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology = the part of a word which remains when inflectional affixes have been removed. ? Base = any form to which affixes of any kind can be added or = a form to which a rule of word formation is applied. 2017-3-9 Word Formation 6 The difference between root , base and stem: ? The difference between root and base = a root is indivisible while a base is divisible either derivationally or inflectionally or even both derivationally and inflectionally. ? The difference between base and stem is that both derivational and inflectional affixes can be added to a base, while only inflectional affixes can be added to a stem. 2017-3-9 Word Formation 7 The Three Major Processes of Word Formation 2017-3-9 Word Formation 8 Word pounding Derivation Conversion Three Major Processes 2017-3-9 Word Formation 9 ? Compounding or Word- compounding refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words bining or