心理语言学chapter-3.ppt

Human brain and vocal tract have a number of slightly unusual features
partial adaptations of the body to the production of language.
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人体呼吸系统结构图
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Mouth and lungs
Human mouth: relatively small, can be opened and shut rapidly--make it simple to pronounce sounds P, B.
Human teeth: even in height—form an unbroken barrier, upright, not slanting outwards, the top and bottom set meet. Even-spaced, equal-sized teeth which touch one another are valuable for the articulation of some sounds (S, F, V, SH, TH)
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Human lips: muscles are more developed and show more intricate interlacing.
Human tongue: thick, muscular and mobile. The size of the mouth cavity can be varied allowing a range of vowels to be pronounced.
Human larynx喉: simpler in structure. Air can move freely past and then out without being hindered. 
Human lungs: during speech the breathing rhythm is altered quite noticeably without apparent discomfort to the speaker.
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signs of adaptation to speech 
It seems that there are clear indications in the mouth, larynx and lungs that we speak ‘naturally’.
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Human brain
大脑
小脑
脑干
胼胝体
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Cerebrum 大脑
the largest area.
represents over 80 percent of the brain by weight.
surface is pale gray, wrinkled, and marked by furrows called fissures.
one large fissure runs from front to back dividing the cerebrum into two halves called the cerebral hemispheres.
controls thinking, memory, speech, and muscular movement
大脑：是脑的最高层部分，也是人脑中最复杂最重要的神经中枢。人脑的平均重量在1550克左右，仅占体重的2％-3％，然而它的血流量却是全身的20％，消耗的氧气是全身的25％。原因就在于人脑高度发达的大脑皮层。
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Cerebellum 小脑
is located just below the rear part of the cerebrum.
coordinates every movement.
monitors impulses from nerve endings in the muscles.
modifies and coordinates commands to swing a golf club, smooth a dancer's footsteps, and allow a hand to bring a cup to the lips without spilling its contents.
may also s