语言学第三章chapter3...ppt

Chapter 3 Morphology
Introduction
Morpheme
Free morpheme
Bound morpheme
Morphs and Allomorphs
Types of Word Formation

Derivation
Other ways (Conversion, Backformation, Clipping, Blending, Acronym, Initialism)
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outline
Introduction
Definition of morphology
Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure, forms and classes of words.
un -+-ly → unfriendly;unhappily; unkindly; unlonely
-fy → purify; simplify; falsify; amplify
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Morpheme
It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.
tourists: tour; -ist; -s
talks; talker; talked; talking
Types of morpheme: free morpheme and bound morpheme
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Free morpheme
Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. friend, happy, kind, simple, false, tour, talk, etc.
Root: the basic element of a word that can stand by itself: talk, internationalism, work/shop, black/bird
Stem: the element involved in a word without the last added bound morpheme: friends, friendships
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Stem
A stem may be:
a simple stem consisting of only one morpheme, in which case the root and the stem are the same: work, talk
a root plus a derivational affix: workers
two or more roots: work\shops
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Lexical (open) morphemes vs Functional (close) morphemes
Lexical (open) morphemes are the set of ordinary nouns, verbs and adjectives that carry the content of message we convey. Since we can create new lexical morphemes for the language rather easily, they are called an open class of words: book, desk, house, love, look, long, happy
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Functional (close) morphemes consist of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, articles, prepositions and pronouns. As we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, they are called a closed class of words: and, but, because, if, when, on, above, in, it, the, that
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