大气科学(气象)专业英语8.pdf

Unit 8: A History of Numerical Weather Predication 第八课:数值天气预报的一段历史 New Words ? prognostic 预报的 diagnostic 诊断的? strata (stratum) 层? humidity 湿度? velocity 速度? vorticity 涡度 vortex 涡旋? conserve 使守恒? primitive 原始的? barotropic 正压的 baroclinicity 斜压性? convection 对流 advection 平流? thermodynamics 热力的? nonhydrostatic 非静力平衡? retrogression 退化? parameterize 参数化? non-adiabatic 非绝热 Text ? In a short lecture it is not possible to do justice to all those who have made contributions to the development of NWP, let alone those who have contributed in lesser ways. ? It should therefore be noted that this is “A” rather than “ THE ” history of NWP. ? The lecture covers the principal milestones in NWP from the “ beginning ” to the present day and is divided into three main sections. 1. The Beginning ? At the beginning of the twentieth century Bjerknes , the famous Norwegian meteorologist, was one of the first to consider forecasting the weather according to the dynamics of the atmosphere. ? Quite independently in 1911, who had already been interested in finite differences, began to dream of a forecast factory in which several thousand people would compute the weather. ? Once Richardson became aware of the Bjerknes work it had a considerable influence on his subsequent activities. The Emergence of Numerical Weather Prediction: Richardson's Dream ? Due to interruptions during the war year, several revisions and problems with funding, it was 11 years before Richardson ’ s (1922) now famous book on Weather Prediction by Numerical Process was published. ? He was a most interesting person and Ashford (1985) has written his biography. ? Richardson ’ s book is remarkable on two accounts. ? He was one of the first to set out the fundamental equations of the dynamics and physics of the atmosphere in a systematic way and he produced a series puting forms suitable for the numerical solution of tho