李嘉诚：赚钱的艺术.ppt

Dimensions anizational Change
Top Down _______________ Bottom-up
Radical _______________ Incremental
Discontinuous _____________ Continuous
Planned _______________ Emergent
OD ----Incremental, gradual, planed anizational transformation---Decisive, rapid,fundamental changes
Chap. anizational Change & Development
§ Forces of Change Specific factors acting as stimulants for change
Dynamic & Changing environment
Technology:IT automation,TQM program, BPR
nature of the work force:more cultural diversity, increase in professions,many new entrants with inadequate skills
economic shocks:security market crashes,interest rate fluctuations,foreign currency petition:petitions,mergers & considerations,growth of specialty retailers
social trends:increase in college attendance & divorce rate, delayed marriages by young peoples
world politics
Planned Change
Change:making things different.
Planned Change:change activities that are intentional & goal-oriented. Accidental occurrence;proactive & purposeful
the goals:improve the ability of - to adapt to changes in its environment;change -- behavior
order of magnitude:1st-order:linear & continuous, no fundamental shift; 2nd-order:multidimensional, multilevel,discontinuous,& radical
Change agents: persons acting as catalysts & assume the responsibility for managing --
can change agents change?
Structure:alter 1 or more of the key elements in --,major modifications in
technology:most of early studies dealt with efforts aimed at technological of new equipment,tools,methods;puterization
physical setting:consider work demands,formal interaction requirement & social needs when m- d. About space configurations,interior design,equip placement
people: changing the attitudes & behaviors of --.od
to change
Individual:habit,security,economic factors, fear of the unknown,selective information anization:structural inertia,limited focus of change,group inertia,threat to expertise, thre