语言文学导论.doc

第一章语言的本质一、语言的定义 1.★ What is language? Language isa system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for munication (Wardaugh). This definition has captured the main attributes ( 属性) of language. It isa system , since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary , in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. It is symbolic , because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal , because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. and finally language is used for munication . 二、区别性特征( Design Features ) 1、任意性 Arbitratriness : shu 和 Tree 都能表示“树”这一概念;同样的声音,各国不同的表达方式 The arbitrary nature of language isa sign of sophistication ( 复杂) and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 2、双重性 Duality : 语言由声音结构和意义结构组成( the structure of sounds and meaning ) “ By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level posed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles anization ”(Lyons, 1982:20) Meaningless sounds → words → phrases → sentences → discourse/text Advantage of duality: the great productive power (a large number of