银行及其新功能.docx

银行及其新功能
The principal and primary function of banks is to serve as mraw materials in any one country or in a number of countries. This transformation of numerous modest middlemen into a handful of monopolists is one of the fundamental processes in the growth of capitalism into capitalist imperialism.　 　 随着银行的开展并集中于少数几家机构，银行逐步从单纯的中介成长为强大的垄断者。银行几乎限制着一国乃至数国大小资本家和商家的全部货币资本和大局部生产资料及原料来源。从大批普平凡通的中介转化为少数垄断者的过程是资本主义向资本帝国主义开展的一个重要步骤。　 I have emphasized the reference to the “affiliated” banks, because it is one of the most important distinguishing features of modern capitalist concentration... Again and again the final word in the development of banking is monopoly.　 　 我之所以着重提到“附属”银行，是因为这是现代资本集中的最重要、最显著的特征之一。实践反复证明，银行业开展的势必结果是垄断。　 As regards the close connection between the banks and industry, it is precisely in this sphere that the new role of the banks is, perhaps, most strikingly felt. When a bank discounts a bill for a firm, opens a current account for it, etc., these operations, taken separately, do not in the least diminish its independence and the bank plays no other part than that of a modest middleman. But when such operations are multiplied and become an established practice, when the bank “collects” in its own hands enormous amounts of capital, when the running of a current account for a given firm enables the bank to obtain