个体发展.ppt

人生全程发展?发展?发展心理学?动物心理?人类心理?人类个体?发展是毕生的过程?每一阶段都有特定的发展课题?发展是多维度和多方面的?发展有生长,也有衰退,有得有失(老年人的多种记忆策略弥补有关能力的降低) ?发展是多方面的?发展是高度可塑的?敏感期?吴振云:老年人的记忆功能可得到改善?发展受个人的生活经历的影响?年龄、社会历史事件、非规范事件?毕生发展观科学儿童心理学的沿革?形成时期: 1882- , Preyer 《儿童心理》?分化和发展时期:一战至二战,皮亚杰,格塞尔?演变和创新:二战至今,理论观点,研究工作演变从儿童心理学到发展心理学?霍尔:率先研究青少年和老年,确立了儿童心理学的研究范围;没有明确提出研究毕生发展?荣格:首先提出研究成年期,发展观有 3个方面:前半生和后半期;重视中年危机;老年心理及临终心理?埃里克森:在此基础上,将 Freud 的年龄阶段从青春期扩展到老年期研究目标一:描述儿童发展的普遍行为模式?动作发展模式?大脑+神经+肌肉控制?动作的发展遵循三个规律?从上到下?从近到远?从粗到细?语言发展?刚出生:分辨语音刺激与其他声音刺激?9-12 个月: 说出第一个指示词?18-24 个月:双词句(电报句) ?3-4 岁:完整句子?7岁前:获得完全符合语法的口头语言 Developmental Changes in Speech Perception ? Infants ’ ability to discriminate between speech sounds not in their native language declines between 6 and 12 months of age ? Six-month-olds from English- speaking families readily discriminate between syllables in Hindi (blue bars) and Nthlakapmx (green bars), but 10- to 12-month-olds do not Test of the Critical-Period Hypothesis ? Performance on a test of English grammar by adults originally from Korea and China was directly related to the age at which they came to the United States and were exposed to English. ? The scores of adults who emigrated before the age of 7 are indistinguishable from those of native English speakers. Carlson & Meltzoff, 2008