gre张雷东课堂讲义.doc

首页| GRE and Appli cation Area | Do u Do u's sp ace | Ol d Lu i Sp ace 当前分类: Argument 参考材料 Argument 课堂讲义更新时间: 2008-8-26 来源: 点击数: 5764 Argument preparing strategies 1 ,掌握基本逻辑知识;理解 Critical thinking 2 ,熟读每一道题目 3 ,学习体会闪光句型的使用 4 ,大量阅读积累语言,形成各部分自己的写作模板 5 ,列出每道题的写作提纲 6 ,考前全文练习 10- 20篇 Argument 题目的结构: Evidence → conclusion support 审题的基本任务:分清论据和结论,看清推理关系结论往往由表结果的连词引导,如: Therefore, thus, so, hence, consequently, evidently 还有: Clearly, should ,以及目的状语从句论据的主要形式§ 事实 Facts § 统计 Statistics § 例子 Examples § 类比 Analogies § parisons § 权威 Authorities (Experts ’ opinions) § 假设 Assumptions 写作原则§ 逻辑方面:切中要害§ 语言方面:言简意赅§ 词汇:注意区分书面词汇和口语词汇§ 句式:多变,适度复杂读题时需注意的地方§ 文章前后论据论点各自的讨论对象§ 限定成分(定语、状语、从句) § 绝对化词汇: all, any, every, only, unique, most, best Argument writing steps 1, skim the topic and write the introduction 浏览题目写开头段; 2, input topic sentences for body paragraphs 为正文段落输入段首句; 3, develop body paragraphs one by one 逐一展开正文段落; 4, write the conclusion 写结尾段; 5, checking 检查 How to write the introductory paragraph § 复述原文结论§ 简要复述原文论据§ 指出论证过程存在缺陷根据结论的不同性质采用不同动词引领: § 万用动词: claim, assert, allege, state, contend, maintain § 建议类结论: suggest, advise, advocate, propose § 预言类结论: predict, forecast/ foresee, project § 表示期待,盼望: expect, mon fallacies in topics 题目中的常见缺陷 1, Survey 调查数据类问题 Survey / statistics / study /report/ census / poll Procedure ofa typical survey § Divide the general group into several sub-groups § Analyze the percentage of each sub-group in the general group § Randomly select sample 1) Procedure of the survey A, selective sample 选择性样本 A 193 § Many teachers were actually excluded from the survey. § The result of the survey lacks credibility because the arguer fails to include teachers in other subjects. § The result of the survey lacks credibility and therefore could not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. § Cause-effect fallacy: The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between A and B § homework frequency and the students ’ performance A 238 § The survey does not include