翻译概论翻译与文化.pptx

翻译与文化翻译与文化一: 理论: ?意合与形合: ?所谓“形合”(hypotaxis) 是指借助语言形式手段(包括词汇手段和形态手段)实现词语或句子的连接; ?所谓“意合”(parataxis) 是指不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现它们之间的连接。?前者注重语言形式上的接应(cohesion), 后者注重意义上的连贯(coherence) 。?汉语: “意合”(parataxis) ,结构松散,不注重语法形式,由语境和上下文领会。?英语: “形合”(hypotaxis) ,结构严谨,重视语法,逻辑关系强。 Example 1 : 汉语的意合: ?“他不干,我干.”就这没么一句话,至少可以有四种理( 1)假设关系:(如果)他不干,(那么)我(来)干.(2)因果关系:(因为)他不干,(所以)我(才)干.(3)转折关系:他不干,(但是)我干.(4)让步关系:(即使)他不干,我(也),在翻译这句话是必须根据上下文,甚至说话人的语气,才能对其意思作出确切的判断. Example 2 : 英语的形合: “知己知彼,百战不殆;不知己而知彼,一胜一负;不知己不知彼,每战必殆.”(〈〈谋攻〉〉) 这里非形式链接很明显,若将其中隐含、省略、模糊的东西补上,其形式标记应如下: “(若)知己(又)知彼,(则)百战不殆;(若)不知己而知彼,(则)(将)一胜(及)一负;(若)不知己(又)不知彼,(则)每战(将)必殆.”再看英语译文: “ You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark. ”从译文中可看出,“ you ”这虚指主语,“意义脉络”,更初象一点,就是古人所说的“文意”、“文气”,汉语正是靠这种“意脉”来组织句子,而不是受“形”的框束. ?汉译英时?要把汉语的意合句译成英文,一定要找到合适的连接词,把源文中最重要的信息装入目的语主句,次要信息装入从句。?例:我和父亲不想见已二年余了,我最不能忘记的是他的背影。? It is more than two years since i last saw father, and what i can never forget is the sight of his back. ?姐姐在机场等我,我得去接她,我不去她会生气。? My sister is waiting for me at the airport, so i must go to meet her. If i don't, she will get angry. 英译汉时源语中的显性衔接手段在汉语中不保留,所以英语中的连接词常常被省略。例: In August 1946, on my fifth trip through China, bound for my Moscow home but not in haste, since my husband has died in the war, I came to Yanan. 一九四六年,我在回莫斯科家的途中,第五次路过中国:由于我丈夫已在战争中牺牲了,当时我并不急于回去,就到了延安。 It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peace time fall. 那是个天气晴朗金黄可爱的秋天,美好的秋色为那些青年送别。待到战后和平时期,黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时,当时的青年已经失去青春,有的丧失了生命。翻译与文化二: 英语名词介词较多;汉语动词较多 Examples : A study of the letter leaves us no doubt as to the motives behind it. 研究一下这封信,我们毫不怀疑这