词汇学反义关系.ppt

关于词汇学反义关系
第1页，讲稿共18张，创作于星期三
Antonymy 反义关系
本节重要术语和概念：
1. antonymy 反义关系 2. antonym 反义词
3. compleable. 这类反义词的另一个显著特征是这种反义词是非等级的。
Compare:
extremely big / very big / big / quite big / medium-sized /
quite small / small / very small / extremely small (tiny)
*extremely dead / very dead / dead / quite dead / half-dead,
half alive / quite alive / very alive / alive / extremely alive
第7页，讲稿共18张，创作于星期三
2) Contraries 相对反义词
Contraries are best envisaged in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. 相对反义词最好被想像为处于两极之间的一个标尺。
scale: a piece of wood, plastics, etc, with marks along the edge 标尺，刻度尺
l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
very big / big / quite big / medium-sized / quite small / small / very small
第8页，讲稿共18张，创作于星期三
Words such as rich--poor, old--young, big--small represent two points at both ends of the pole. The existence of one is in relation to the other. ..….This shows what is called semantic relativity. 像富—穷、老—少、大—小这样的词表示了一根杆子的两端。一方的存在与另一方有关。…… 这就是所谓的语义相对性。
Example:
(1) poor —— rich, good —— bad
cold —— hot, old —— young
(2) rich, very rich, richer, richest
第9页，讲稿共18张，创作于星期三
Antonyms of this kind are characteristic of semantic polarity. These antonyms form part of a scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other. 这种反义词的特点是语义二极性。这些反义词形成了处于两极之间的一支等值尺，并可以提供不属于两端的中间地带。
very big / big / quite big / medium-sized /quite small / small / very small
第10页，讲稿共18张，创作于星期三
3) Converses 逆反反义词
Converses consist of relational opposites such as parent—child, husband—wife, predecessor—successor, employer—employee. The pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. 逆反反义词包含了像父母—孩子、丈夫—妻子、前任—后任、雇主—雇员这样的关系对立词