以赛亚 柏林.ppt

15/11/9
Isaiah Berlin
Isaiah Berlin
* Life
* Main works
*Thoughts
Born: 6th June 1909 in Riga, now capital of LatviaDied: 5th November 1997 Occupation:a philosopher and historian of ideas ( regarded as one of the leading liberal thinkers of the twentieth century.)an essayist lecturer
Life experience:
In 1932, at the age of 23, he was elected to a prize fellowship at All Souls College(全灵学院), Oxford.
From 1957 to 1967, he was Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at the University of Oxford.
From 1963 to 1964, he was president of the Aristotelian Society.
Life experience:
In 1966, he played a crucial role in founding Wolfson College, Oxford, and became its first President.
He was appointed a CBE in 1946, knighted in 1957, and was awarded the Order of Merit in 1971.
He was President of the British Academy from 1974 to 1978.
Main works
Karl Marx 1939 (卡尔·马克思)
Vico and Herder 1976 (维柯与赫尔德)
Russian Thinkers 1978 (俄国理想家)
Against the Current 1979 (反思潮)
Thoughts
Two Concepts of Liberty 1958
It is an inaugural lecture(就职演讲), and famous for its distinction between positive and negative liberty, has informed much of the debate since then on the relationship between liberty and other values.
Positive liberty(freedom as self-mastery, which askes not what we are free from, but what we are free to do)
It is the answer to the question 'What, or who, is the source of control or interference that can determine someone to do, or be, this rather than that?'
“积极的”(Positive)自由,则和以下这个问题的答案有关:“什么东西、或什么人,有权控制、或干涉,从而决定某人应该去做这件事、成为这种人,而不应该去做另一件事、成为另一种人?”
Positive liberty
It may be understood as self-mastery(自主), and includes one‘s having a role in choosing who governs the society of which one is a part.
Berlin traced positive liberty from Aristotle's definition of citizenship, which is historically derived from the social role of the freemen of classical Athens.
Formula: liberty from... 去做···的自由
Negative liberty( freedom from interfere